Personality: A biosocial approach to origins and structure.
Personality: A biosocial approach to origins and structure.
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人格：一种研究起源和结构的生物社会方法。
DOI：
10.1037/h0053362
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发表时间：
1948
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
E. Frenkel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Frenkel
评论加德纳·墨菲（Gardner Murphy） 1947年的著作《人格：起源和结构的生物社会方法》（见记录2005-05007-000）。评论家指出，在现代心理学中，“人格”一词有两种含义，一种是个体差异，另一种是“所有人格本身所拥有的东西——将一个人格与所有其他物体（如一棵树或一个三角形）区分开来的东西”。在墨菲这本引人注目的新书中，重点肯定放在了第二个概念上，即动态组织，而不是人格的不同方面。或者，用作者自己的话说，它是“关于一般而不是关于特定；我们更感兴趣的是形成一个有效的人格概念，而不是努力去详细定义人格的无限可变性。1）. 因此，“不可能公正地对待心理测量学、因素分析、评级、问卷调查、性格测试或治疗和教育问题所揭示的定量问题”（前言）。因此，虽然在目前讨论的卷中突出的是一般心理学的概念和问题，但很快就会发现，在这些概念和问题中，重点是那些最有希望成为个体差异决定因素的特征。因此，这本书有助于弥合基本心理学原理的方法与临床、鉴别或社会心理学等应用领域之间日益扩大的鸿沟。这本书分为六个部分，大小大致相等。第一部分努力将人格视为一个生物系统，涵盖了遗传和身体发育、个体构成、由组织需求、生物动机模式和有机特征及其测量给出的“动机的基本生物学”等主题。第二部分和第三部分讨论了学习和感知两种基本的心理功能。第四和第五部分是关于“自我”和“整体性”的。该书最后以一系列关于“个人与群体”之间关系的章节（第六部分）结束。正如作者所要求的那样，渊博的学识和对广泛领域文学的概要性知识，以及理清塑造现代人的互动网络的独特能力，为这本极其有价值的书的创作做出了贡献。不仅有丰富的文献记录了实验文献中的每个主要观点，而且还有丰富多彩的案例研究或文化人类学的材料。这是如此勇敢的综合，而不是发展和阐述一个特定的观点，这是这本书的特点。（PsycINFO数据库记录(c) 2016 APA，版权所有）
Reviews the book" Personality: A biosocial approach to origins and structure"(1947) by Gardner Murphy (see record 2005-05007-000). The reviewer notes that in modern psychology, the term" personality" has acquired either of two meanings, individual differences, or" the thing which all personalities, as such, possess--the thing that marks off a personality from all other objects, such as a tree or a triangle." In Murphy's remarkable new book, the emphasis is definitely on the second of these conceptions ie, upon the dynamic organization rather than the differential aspects of personality. Or, to use the author's own words, it is" upon the general rather than upon the particular; we are more interested in formulating a working conception of personality than in endeavoring to define in detail the infinite variability of personalities"(p. 1). It has thus" not been possible to do justice to the quantitative problems revealed by psychometrics, by factor analysis, by ratings, and by questionnaires, or to personality tests or therapeutic and educational problems"(Foreword). Although, therefore, it is concepts and problems of general psychology that stand out in the presently discussed volume, it soon becomes apparent that, among these, emphasis is on those features which are the most promising determinants of individual differences. Thus, the book helps to bridge the threateningly widening gap between the approach to basic psychological principles, on the one hand, and the fields of application, such as clinical, differential, or social psychology, on the other. The book is divided into six parts of approximately equal size. The first part endeavors to consider personality as a biological system, and covers such topics as heredity and physical growth, individual constitution, the" elementary biology of motivation" as given by tissue needs, biological motive patterns, and organic traits and their measurement. The second and third parts take up the two basic psychological functions of learning and of perception. Parts IV and V deal with" The Self" and" Wholeness." The book concludes with a series of chapters on the relationships between" Individual and Group"(Part VI). The profound erudition and the synoptic knowledge of the literature in a wide variety of fields as commanded by the author, together with a unique ability to disentangle the network of interactions that shape modern man, have contributed to the creation of an extremely worthwhile book. Not only is there ample documentation of each major point from the experimental literature, but there is also a colorful array of case studies or material from cultural anthropology. It is such courageous synthesis rather than the development and elaboration of a particular point of view that is characteristic of the book.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)