The Personal Is Political
The Personal Is Political
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个人即政治
DOI：
10.1108/978-1-78714-475-020171014
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Joanna Williams
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Joanna Williams
正如我们在前一章中看到的，女权主义往往是相互矛盾的。一方面，有一种假设认为男性和女性是平等的，潜在的，与今天不同的社会化程度是相同的。另一方面，还有一种庆祝女性与男性不同的活动，特别是女性价值观，让她们更有教养和关爱。一方面，重点关注妇女在教育和工作中的个人成就；另一方面，假定妇女是合作的，是姐妹关系。它关注性别，探索作为女性意味着什么，同时也渴望完全超越性别，或者，最近，将性别定义为一个不稳定的概念，更多地与人的感受有关，而不是他们的生理特征。有人认为，妇女是一个有着共同兴趣的阶层，但也有人认识到，妇女的经历因年龄、种族、社会阶层、残疾和性取向而异。这些矛盾中的许多都出现在妇女运动的最早化身中。自20世纪70年代以来，尤其是随着第二波个人与政治有关的口号的产生，这些紧张局势变得更加突出。今天，活动家和理论家都告诉我们，女权主义不是单一的，而是有许多不同形式的女权主义：从激进的到自由的女权主义，从黑人女权主义到女同性恋女权主义，从交叉到贬损的白人女权主义。这个特别的标签似乎很重要：它不仅仅描述了一种政治立场；它还表达了女性的认同感。许多不同的女权主义并不是通过竞选和重塑政治忠诚而出现的，而是通过大学内部的学术辩论而产生的。高等教育已经成为发展女权主义理论和思想的主要场所，产生于会议厅和研讨会上，溢出并影响着学术之外的女权主义实践和讨论。本章探讨了20世纪70年代兴起的女权主义如何影响了当前对交叉性和身份政治的思考，导致了第三和第四次女权主义浪潮。
As we saw in the previous chapter, feminism is often contradictory. On one hand, there is an assumption that men and women are equal and potentially, with different socialization than today, the same. On the other hand, there is a celebration of women as different from men, with specifically feminine values that make them more nurturing and caring. On one hand, there is a focus on women’s individual achievements in education and in the workplace; on the other, an assumption that women are collaborative, a sisterhood. There is a focus on gender, exploring what it means to be a woman, and at the same time a desire to move beyond gender altogether, or, most recently, define it as a fluid concept that is more to do with how a person feels than their biology. It is argued that women are a class with interests in common but there is also recognition that women’s experiences vary according to their age, race, social class, disability and sexuality. Many of these contradictions were present in the earliest incarnations of the women’s movement. From the 1970s, particularly with the working out of the second-wave mantra that the personal is political, these tensions came ever more to the fore.Today, campaigners and theorists alike tell us there is not one feminism but instead there are many different forms of feminism: from radical to liberal feminism, black feminism to lesbian feminism, from intersectional to the derogatory ‘white’feminism. It seems the particular label is all important: it does more than just describe a political position; it speaks to a woman’s sense of identity. Many of these different feminisms have emerged not through campaigning and reshaping political allegiances but through academic debates within universities. Higher education has become the primary site for the development of feminist theory and ideas generated in the conference hall and seminar room overflow and influence the practice and discussion of feminism outside of the academy. This chapter explores how the feminisms that emerged in the 1970s have influenced current thinking about intersectionality and identity politics, leading to third-and fourth-wave feminism.