After the Crash: A Perspective on Multilevel European Democracy
After the Crash: A Perspective on Multilevel European Democracy
复制标题
崩溃之后：多层次欧洲民主的视角
DOI：
10.1111/eulj.12127
复制
发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
F. Scharpf
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
F. Scharpf
战后末期，规范一体化的欧洲政治经济的政治形态在“社会市场经济体”和“自由市场经济体”之间有很大不同。尽管自那以来，在全球资本主义和欧洲一体化的压力下，社会市场经济特有的成就受到了侵蚀，但这种差异依然存在。从社会市场的角度着眼于欧洲一体化，无疑扩大了个人选择的范围。但它也降低了民主政治应对全球资本主义挑战的能力，并导致社会不平等加剧，公共服务和转移支付受到侵蚀。本文将首先总结欧洲一体化的不对称，这些不对称通过确立消极一体化优先于积极一体化和货币一体化高于政治和社会一体化，最大限度地限制了民主选择，并改变了资本、劳动力和国家之间的平衡。然后，它将解释为什么欧洲政治民主化的努力将无法克服这些制度不对称，以及为什么政治上可行的改革将无法消除制度制约。只有在从根本上动摇目前的否决权立场的情况下，才有可能进行必要的改革，以恢复塑造政治经济的民主能力。基于深度危机的后果确实可能为重新建立欧洲一体化的政治基础创造机会之窗的推测，结束语部分将概述有助于在欧洲和国家两级采取民主政治行动的体制基本规则。
At the end of the postwar period, the politically shaped configurations of normatively integrated European political economies differed greatly among "social-market" and "liberal market economies." Such differences persist even though the characteristic achievements of social market economies have since eroded under the pressures of global capitalism and of European integration. Focusing on European integration from a social-market perspective, there is no question that it has widened the range of individual options. But it has also reduced the capacity of democratic politics to deal with the challenges of global capitalism, and it has contributed to rising social inequality and the erosion of public services and transfers. This paper will first summarize those asymmetries of European integration which have done the most to constrain democratic choices and to shift the balance between capital, labor, and the state by establishing an institutional priority of negative over positive integration and of monetary integration over political and social integration. It will then explain why efforts to democratize European politics will not be able to overcome these institutional asymmetries and why politically feasible reforms will not be able to remove the institutional constraints. The changes that would be required to restore democratic capacities to shape the political economy could only have a chance if present veto positions were to be fundamentally shaken. On the speculative assumption that the aftermath of a deep crisis might indeed create the window of opportunity for a political re-foundation of European integration, the concluding section will outline institutional ground rules that would facilitate democratic political action at both the European and national levels.