Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations.
Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations.
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DOI：
10.3390/microorganisms8121965
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发表时间：
2020-12-11
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Kozak CA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Boso G;Kozak CA
逆转录病毒与其脊椎动物宿主之间数百万年的进化冲突导致了被称为限制因子的细胞先天免疫蛋白及其病毒拮抗剂的出现。过去二十年积累的证据大大增加了我们对这些限制因子用来抑制逆转录病毒复制的复杂机制的理解，这些机制要么直接阻断病毒蛋白，要么干扰被病毒劫持的细胞途径。对这些复杂相互作用的分析描述了这些限制因素的加速进化模式以及其病毒编码拮抗剂的获得和进化。越来越多的证据表明，许多用于抑制特定逆转录病毒的限制因子对其他逆转录病毒以及其他病毒具有更广泛的抗病毒活性，并且暴露于这些多种病毒的挑战已经塑造了它们的适应性进化。在这篇综述中，我们概述了干扰逆转录病毒生命周期不同步骤的限制因素，描述了它们的作用机制、适应性进化、病毒靶标以及为对抗这些因素而进化的病毒拮抗剂。
The evolutionary conflict between retroviruses and their vertebrate hosts over millions of years has led to the emergence of cellular innate immune proteins termed restriction factors as well as their viral antagonists. Evidence accumulated in the last two decades has substantially increased our understanding of the elaborate mechanisms utilized by these restriction factors to inhibit retroviral replication, mechanisms that either directly block viral proteins or interfere with the cellular pathways hijacked by the viruses. Analyses of these complex interactions describe patterns of accelerated evolution for these restriction factors as well as the acquisition and evolution of their virus-encoded antagonists. Evidence is also mounting that many restriction factors identified for their inhibition of specific retroviruses have broader antiviral activity against additional retroviruses as well as against other viruses, and that exposure to these multiple virus challenges has shaped their adaptive evolution. In this review, we provide an overview of the restriction factors that interfere with different steps of the retroviral life cycle, describing their mechanisms of action, adaptive evolution, viral targets and the viral antagonists that evolved to counter these factors.
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