Influence of Behavior on Bird Mortality in Wind Energy Developments
Influence of Behavior on Bird Mortality in Wind Energy Developments
复制标题
风能开发中行为对鸟类死亡率的影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Michael L. Morrison
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文献类型：
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作者：
K. Smallwood;L. Rugge;Michael L. Morrison
摘要随着风力发电在全球范围内的迅速发展，有必要了解施工前调查是否以及如何用于预测影响和放置涡轮机，以尽量减少对鸟类的影响。位于美国加州阿尔塔蒙特山口风力资源区（Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area，APWRA）的风力涡轮机每年造成数千只鸟类死亡，其中包括数百只猛禽。为了检验鸟类死亡率是否与APWRA内的利用率和特定行为有关，从1998年3月到2000年4月，我们在28个不重叠的地块中进行了1,959次30分钟的行为观察（使用双筒望远镜进行360°视觉扫描），面积从23公顷到165公顷不等，每个地块包括10-67个涡轮机，总共1,165个涡轮机。活动水平具有很强的季节性和物种特异性。只有1%的停留时间是在运行涡轮机的塔架上，但22%的停留时间是在损坏、丢失或不运行的涡轮机塔架上。在那些最经常飞越旋翼区的物种中，有些物种的死亡率很高（例如，红尾鹰[Buteo jamaicensis]为0.357人死亡/兆瓦额定容量[MW]/年，美国红隼[Falco sparverius]为0.522人死亡/兆瓦/年），其他则较低（例如，普通乌鸦[Corvus corax]和火鸡秃鹫[Cathartes aura]的死亡率分别为0.060和0.012人/MW/年），表明这些物种因对碰撞的敏感性而具有特定的行为或视觉敏锐度。死亡率没有相关性与利用率之间测量的风力涡轮机行或地块的任何物种，但穴居猫头鹰（雅典娜cunicularia）和绿头鸭（鸭platyrhynchos）。然而，红尾鹰的平均月死亡率增加平均月利用率（r2 = 0.67），特别是平均每月飞行通过涡轮机行（r2 = 0.92）。 死亡率线性增加率的利用率（r2 = 0.99）和转子附近的区域（r2 = 1.00）的大型猛禽物种和栖息率（r2 = 0.13）和近距离飞行（r2 = 0.77）的小型非猛禽物种。 通过在≥1个季节或在强风中关闭涡轮机，或在风电场内留出足够大的区域，使鸟类能够更安全地觅食和旅行，可以最大限度地减少或降低死亡率。
Abstract As wind power generation is rapidly expanding worldwide, there is a need to understand whether and how preconstruction surveys can be used to predict impacts and to place turbines to minimize impacts to birds. Wind turbines in the 165-km2 Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA), California, USA, cause thousands of bird fatalities annually, including hundreds of raptors. To test whether avian fatality rates related to rates of utilization and specific behaviors within the APWRA, from March 1998 to April 2000 we performed 1,959 30-minute behavior observation sessions (360° visual scans using binoculars) among 28 nonoverlapping plots varying from 23 ha to 165 ha in area and including 10–67 turbines per plot, totaling 1,165 turbines. Activity levels were highly seasonal and species specific. Only 1% of perch time was on towers of operating turbines, but 22% was on towers of turbines broken, missing, or not operating. Of those species that most often flew through the rotor zone, fatality rates were high for some (e.g., 0.357 deaths/megawatt of rated capacity [MW]/yr for red-tailed hawk [Buteo jamaicensis] and 0.522 deaths/MW/yr for American kestrel [Falco sparverius]) and low for others (e.g., 0.060 deaths/MW/yr for common raven [Corvus corax] and 0.012 deaths/MW/yr for turkey vulture [Cathartes aura]), indicating specific behaviors or visual acuity differentiated these species by susceptibility to collision. Fatality rates did not correlate with utilization rates measured among wind turbine rows or plots for any species except burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) and mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). However, mean monthly fatality rates of red-tailed hawks increased with mean monthly utilization rates (r2 = 0.67) and especially with mean monthly flights through turbine rows (r2 = 0.92). Fatality rates increased linearly with rates of utilization (r2 = 0.99) and flights near rotor zones (r2 = 1.00) for large raptor species and with rates of perching (r2 = 0.13) and close flights (r2 = 0.77) for small non-raptor species. Fatalities could be minimized or reduced by shutting down turbines during ≥1 season or in very strong winds or by leaving sufficiently large areas within a wind farm free of wind turbines to enable safer foraging and travel by birds.