Wildlife habitat associations in eastern hemlock - birds, smaller mammals, and forest carnivores
Wildlife habitat associations in eastern hemlock - birds, smaller mammals, and forest carnivores
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东部铁杉的野生动物栖息地协会 - 鸟类、小型哺乳动物和森林食肉动物
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
John W. Lanier
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作者：
M. Yamasaki;R. Degraaf;John W. Lanier
在美国东北部，有96种鸟类和47种哺乳动物与铁杉类型有关。在这些物种中，8种鸟类和10种哺乳动物与铁杉类型密切相关，尽管这些物种都不限于铁杉。铁杉物种丰富度似乎低于其他针叶树或硬木类型。鸟类栖息地的考虑因素包括整个管理和非管理的立场在可持续发展模式的分布和多样性的结构性栖息地功能。锯材铁杉立场支持显着较高的鸟类群落比年轻的立场。小型哺乳动物栖息地的考虑因素包括密集的针叶更新，硬桅杆生产夹杂物，腔树，粗木质残体，湿地渗出和夹杂物。森林食肉动物栖息地的考虑因素包括可预测的猎物和适当的覆盖机会（腔树，粗木质残体，湿地渗漏和夹杂物，岩石突出和排水良好的巢穴网站）的可用性和分布。10英寸或更多的年降水量差异将大部分北方新英格兰景观与西部五大湖地区的大多数景观区分开来。北方新英格兰景观水平生境要素包括较低的斜坡位置和不完全排水，过度排水，或浅基岩网站。
Ninety-six bird and forty-seven mammal species are associated with the hemlock type in the northeastern United States. Of these species eight bird and ten mammal species are strongly associated with the hemlock type though none of these species are limited to it. Hemlock species richness appears to be lower than in other conifer or hardwood types. Avian habitat considerations include the distribution and variety of structural habitat features throughout managed and unmanaged stands in sustainable patterns. Sawtimber hemlock stands support significantly higher bird communities than young stands. Smaller mammal habitat considerations include dense patches of coniferous regeneration, hard mast-producing inclusions, cavity trees, coarse woody debris, and wetland seeps and inclusions. Forest carnivore habitat considerations include the availability and distribution of predictable prey and suitable cover opportunities (cavity trees, coarse woody debris, wetland seeps and inclusions, and rocky ledge and well-drained den sites). Differences of ten or more inches of annual precipitation distinguish most northern New England landscapes from the majority of landscapes in the western Great Lakes region. Northern New England landscape level habitat elements include lower slope positions and imperfectly drained, excessively drained, or shallow to bedrock sites.