"People should also look after the people": relational values of wildlife and collectively titled land in Ilkisongo Maasai group ranches in Southern Kenya
"People should also look after the people": relational values of wildlife and collectively titled land in Ilkisongo Maasai group ranches in Southern Kenya
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“人们也应该照顾人民”：肯尼亚南部伊尔基松戈马赛族牧场中野生动物和集体土地的关系价值
DOI：
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Joana Roque de Pinho
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Unks;M. Goldman;F. Mialhe;Joana Roque de Pinho
“自然”的截然不同的工具性价值和非工具性“文化”价值是生态系统服务评估和许多野生动物保护干预措施的核心。然而，这种理解自然价值的方法与社会科学的理解相矛盾，社会科学认为价值是通过社会生态关系和过程产生的。通过对居住在肯尼亚南部安博塞利国家公园周围集体牧场的伊尔基松戈马赛土地使用者的案例研究，我们应用关系价值方法来强调评估过程，这些评估过程塑造了马赛社会中不同的人如何对野生动物和集体土地拥有不同的共同价值。首先，我们详细介绍了安博塞利的野生动物保护工作如何通过不平衡的保护决策过程和不公平的保护利益分配来影响社会关系。其次，我们详细介绍了保护实践如何直接影响人与野生动物之间不断变化的关系。忽视长辈关于“应该”如何维持关系（人与人以及人与非人的关系）的共同立场，以及许多马赛居民对少数人“拥有”野生动物的看法，都加剧了不满。我们发现，一个具有讽刺意味的、意想不到的结果是，保护项目旨在增加野生动物对当地人的“价值”，作为促进人和野生动物在集体所有权土地上“共存”的一种方式，但反而助长了一些马赛人日益渴望将野生动物与人类和牲畜在空间上分开。同时，当前的保护项目并没有建立在马赛人观点上与野生动物历史上共享土地的做法之上。不平等和缺乏参与已被强调为许多基于社区的保护和人类与野生动物冲突缓解举措的主要限制。相反，我们关注野生动物保护干预措施如何促进改变人类与人类以及人类与非人类的关系，进而影响马赛人对野生动物的长期看法。我们认为，扩大对关系价值的考虑，强调文化与自然的不可分割性，但也包括对权力动态的核心考虑，可能会克服以前评估方法的一些局限性。
Categorically distinct instrumental values and non-instrumental “cultural” values of “nature” are central to ecosystem services assessments and many wildlife conservation interventions alike. However, this approach to understanding the value of nature is at odds with social scientific understandings that see value as produced through social-ecological relations and processes. With a case study of Ilkisongo Maasai land users living in group ranches surrounding Amboseli National Park in southern Kenya, we apply a relational values approach to highlight the processes of valuation that shape how different people within Maasai society come to have different shared values of wildlife and collectively titled land. First, we detail how wildlife conservation efforts in Amboseli have affected social relations through uneven conservation decision-making processes and unequal distribution of benefits from conservation. Second, we detail how conservation practices have directly influenced changing relationships between people and wildlife. Neglect of elders’ common stances on how relations “ought” to be maintained (both human-human and human-nonhuman relations), and many Maasai residents’ views of the “ownership” of wildlife by a minority have both fueled resentment. We show that an ironic, unintended outcome is that conservation projects, which are intended to increase the “value” of wildlife for local people as a way to foster “coexistence” of people and wildlife on collectively titled lands, are instead contributing to an increased desire by some Maasai for wildlife to be spatially separated from people and livestock. Simultaneously, current conservation projects do not build upon practices that in Maasai views, enabled historical sharing of land with wildlife. Inequality and lack of participation have been highlighted as key limitations of many community-based conservation and human-wildlife conflict mitigation initiatives. We instead focus on how wildlife conservation interventions have contributed to changing human-human and human-nonhuman relations and have in turn impacted long-term Maasai perceptions of wildlife. We argue that an expanded consideration of relational values that emphasizes the inseparability of culture and nature, but also includes a central consideration of power dynamics, might overcome some limitations of previous valuation approaches.
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
Fish, Robert;Church, Andrew;Winter, Michael
通讯作者：
Winter, Michael