Universal Behaviors as Candidate Traditions in Wild Spider Monkeys
Universal Behaviors as Candidate Traditions in Wild Spider Monkeys
复制标题
野生蜘蛛猴的普遍行为作为候选传统
作者：
Claire J. Santorelli;C. Schaffner;F. Aureli
候选人的传统记录在三个社区的野生蜘蛛猴（Ateles geoffroyi）使用先验的方法来确定行为的变体和统计方法来检查其比例使用的差异。这种方法不同于以前的动物传统研究，后者使用回顾性数据，并依赖于“排除法”来确定候选传统。我们的先验方法增加了考虑具有等效功能的行为变体的可能性，并且我们的统计方法使得能够按比例使用“通用”行为，即，在所有社区中使用，首次在任何动物物种中作为候选传统进行检查。在普遍的行为中，我们发现了14个“社区偏好”的变体。在考虑了社区偏好的变异在多大程度上是由于生态差异，以及较小程度上的遗传差异之后，我们得出结论，至少有六种变异可能是通过社会学习维持的。我们的研究结果有两个主要的含义：（i）传统剧目可能大于从以前的研究中假设的排除方法;（ii）相对使用通用的行为变异可以加强社区成员。
Candidate traditions were documented across three communities of wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) using an a priori approach to identify behavioral variants and a statistical approach to examine differences in their proportional use. This methodology differs from previous studies of animal traditions, which used retrospective data and relied on the ‘exclusion method’ to identify candidate traditions. Our a priori approach increased the likelihood that behavior variants with equivalent functions were considered and our statistical approach enabled the proportional use of ‘universal’ behaviors, i.e., used across all communities, to be examined for the first time in any animal species as candidate traditions. Among universal behaviors we found 14 ‘community preferred’ variants. After considering the extent to which community preferred variants were due to ecological and, to a lesser degree, genetic differences, we concluded that at least six were likely maintained through social learning. Our findings have two main implications: (i) tradition repertoires could be larger than assumed from previous studies using the exclusion method; (ii) the relative use of universal behavior variants can reinforce community membership.