Developments in Research on Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching: Emergence of Key Ideas, Theories and Experimental Approaches
Developments in Research on Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching: Emergence of Key Ideas, Theories and Experimental Approaches
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DOI：
10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_3
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Horton, Peter
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文献类型：
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作者：
Horton, Peter
叶绿素荧光（NPQ）的非光化学猝灭研究，作为过量激发能热耗散的指标，涉及许多不同的方法，从物理学和化学到生态学和农学等广泛的学科中汲取技术和知识。这些方法的时机在很大程度上归功于这些不同科学领域的发展和进步，但也取决于我们对NPQ是什么、它反映了什么功能、如何利用它的测量以及最终它的分子机制的逐渐演变。40年前，在对类囊体膜的生物能量学进行深入研究之后，我们奠定了现有知识的基础，这里描述了这一基础的开创性论文。随着我们对类囊体膜的生物化学和生物物理学的理解的增加，关于NPQ的新想法出现了。在过去的20年里，光系统II的捕光复合物和与之结合的叶黄素循环类胡萝卜素一直是NPQ研究的中心特征。在分子遗传学、结构生物学、时间分辨光谱学以及膜蛋白的提取和纯化方面的突出进展都产生了重大影响。两个主要的NPQ理论的发展是这一时期的标志。首先，NPQ的基本过程是内在的主要LHCII三聚体的想法，这些复合物可以在未淬灭到淬灭状态之间切换，这些状态之间的平衡取决于叶黄素循环类胡萝卜素的质子化和脱环氧化，并且该过程最终由基粒膜的动态宏观结构决定。第二，玉米黄质作为特定的强制性猝灭剂的概念，结合到单体次要复合物的内部位点（“散装”LHCII天线和PS II核心之间的网关），其激活由PsbS蛋白的质子化引发。这些想法的出现进行了描述，重点实验和未来的进展评估的前景。文章最后对NPQ的生态和农业影响进行了说明。
Research into non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ), as an indicator of the thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy, has involved a number of different of approaches, drawing technology and intellect from a wide range of disciplines, from physics and chemistry through to ecology and agronomy. The timing of these approaches owed much to developments and advances occurring in these disparate areas of science, but also depended on the gradual evolution of our thinking about what NPQ was, what function it reflects, how its measurement could be exploited and ultimately what its molecular mechanism could be. The foundations of our current knowledge were laid 40 years ago, following intensive investigation of the bioenergetics of the thylakoid membrane, and the seminal papers on which this was based are described here. As our understanding of the biochemistry and biophysics of the thylakoid membrane increased, new ideas about NPQ emerged. The light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II and the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids bound to them have been the central features of NPQ research during the last 20 years. Outstanding advances in molecular genetics, in structural biology, in time-resolved spectroscopy and in the extraction and purification of membrane proteins all had major influence. The development of two main NPQ theories was the hallmark of this period. First, the idea that the process underlying NPQ was intrinsic to the main LHCII trimers, that these complexes can switch between unquenched to quenched states, that the equilibrium between these states is dependent on protonation and de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids and that the process is ultimately governed by the dynamic macrostructure of the grana membranes. Second, the notion of zeaxanthin as the specific obligatory quencher, bound to internal sites in the monomeric minor complexes (the gateways between the "bulk" LHCII antenna and the PS II cores), the activation of which is triggered by protonation of the PsbS protein. The emergence of these ideas is described, critical experiments highlighted and prospects for future progress assessed. The article concludes with a note on the ecological and agricultural implications of NPQ.