Enhanced Perceptual Functioning
Enhanced Perceptual Functioning
复制标题
增强感知功能
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_723
复制
发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. McPartland
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cora E. Mukerji;L. Mottron;J. McPartland
尽管在理解导致自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的遗传和神经发育过程方面取得了进展，但临床诊断仍依赖于发育和行为表现。直到20世纪90年代，儿童很少在3岁或4岁之前接受自闭症诊断，有时甚至更晚（Howlin和Asgharian 1999）。尽管DSM和ICD诊断系统（美国精神病学协会[阿帕] 2000;世界卫生组织[WHO] 1993）要求在生命的前3年内症状明显，尽管在DSM-5的拟议修改中，这一要求已改为“症状必须出现在幼儿期（但在社会需求超过有限的能力之前可能不会充分显现）”。然而，现在许多儿童在蹒跚学步和学龄前阶段首次被发现（Charman and Baird 2002; Mandell et al. 2005; Manning et al. 2011），尽管其他儿童，特别是那些具有平均或高于平均水平的语言和认知能力的儿童，直到学龄或更大的时候才被诊断出来。有几个因素推动了这一变化，包括努力改善早期识别，认识到早期干预可以改善结果并预防“继发性”神经发育障碍（Dawson 2008; Mundy et al. 2009）：开发前瞻性筛查工具，从生命的最初几年识别可能的自闭症病例（Barbaro和Dissanayake 2009）;以及使用遗传“高风险”研究设计，前瞻性研究从出生后第一年起诊断为ASD的儿童的弟弟妹妹（Rogers 2009; Yirmiya和Charman 2010）。
Notwithstanding progress in understanding of the genetic and neurodevelopmental processes that lead to autism spectrum disorders (ASD), clinical diagnosis is reliant on the developmental and behavioral presentation. Until the 1990s, it was rare for children to receive a diagnosis of autism until the age of 3 or 4 years, and sometimes considerably later (Howlin and Asgharian 1999). This was despite the fact that the DSM and ICD diagnostic systems (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2000; World Health Organization [WHO] 1993) require that the symptoms be evident in the first 3 years of life, although in the proposed modifications in DSM-5, this requirement has been changed to “Symptoms must be present in early childhood (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities).” However, nowadays many children are now first identified in the toddler and preschool period (Charman and Baird 2002; Mandell et al. 2005; Manning et al. 2011), although others, in particular those with average or above average language and cognitive abilities, are not diagnosed until school age or older. Several factors have driven this change, including efforts to improve earlier identification with the recognition that earlier-delivered intervention may improve outcomes and prevent “secondary” neurodevelopmental disturbances (Dawson 2008; Mundy et al. 2009): the development of prospective screening instruments to identify possible cases of autism from the first few years of life (Barbaro and Dissanayake 2009); and the use of the genetic “high-risk” research design of prospectively studying younger siblings of children with a diagnosis of ASD from the first year of life (Rogers 2009; Yirmiya and Charman 2010).