Closing the loop or widening the gap? The unequal politics of Thailand's circular economy in addressing marine plastic pollution
Closing the loop or widening the gap? The unequal politics of Thailand's circular economy in addressing marine plastic pollution
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关闭循环还是扩大差距？
DOI：
10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136218
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Marks D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marks D
2022年1月，泰国政府推出了迄今为止最雄心勃勃的塑料改革计划。在全球趋势的循环经济模式下，泰国的“塑料废物管理路线图”在全国范围内禁止四种类型的塑料废物：薄塑料袋，聚苯乙烯（聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料）食品容器，塑料吸管和一次性塑料杯（世界银行，2022年）。该路线图是在2018年塑料污染被宣布为国家优先事项四年后生效的，当时国际社会谴责泰国在全球排名第六，是最严重的海洋塑料污染国（Jambeck等人，2015年）和亚洲一次性塑料产品消费量最高的国家之一（Singh，2019年）。这些糟糕的表现评级，加上公众对鲸鱼和儒艮因塑料摄入而死亡的愤怒，以及在泰国南部海岸发现的几个长达100米的垃圾岛，促使政府采取措施应对海洋塑料污染问题（Marks等人，2020年）。尽管（地缘）政治压力达到顶峰，泰国的路线图在其就职四个月后实际上被稀释了;到2022年4月，政治领导人已经开始用减少塑料的软化言辞取代禁止这四种塑料的语言（“执行塑料禁令，（2022年）这些发展告诉我们泰国可持续塑料转型的政治经济学以及支撑其发展的循环经济模式。并使之合法化循环经济寻求用尽可能封闭的系统来取代不可持续的废物管理形式（例如，垃圾填埋或焚烧），以减少垃圾和再利用，回收和回收消费后产品（Arsova等人，2022年）。虽然循环在国家内部和国家之间的解释和应用非常不同（Ncube等人，2022; Rótolo等人，2022年），其核心基于三项原则：消除浪费和污染、保持产品和材料的使用以及再生自然系统（艾伦·麦克阿瑟基金会，2021年）。作为一种可持续的商业模式，它已被企业和政府视为将海洋塑料污染危机转化为潜在利润的有利可图的机会（Mah，2021）。
In January 2022, the government of Thailand introduced its most ambitious plastics reform plan to date. Framed within the globally trending circular economy model, Thailand's “Roadmap on Plastic Waste Management” ushered in a nationwide ban on four types of plastic waste: thin plastic bags, polystyrene (Styrofoam) food containers, plastic straws, and single-use plastic cups (World Bank, 2022). The roadmap came into effect four years after plastic pollution was declared a national priority in 2018 amidst international condemnation of Thailand's global ranking as the sixth worst marine plastic polluter (Jambeck et al., 2015) and one of Asia's highest consumers of single-use plastic products (Singh, 2019). These poor performance ratings, combined with public outrage over the deaths of whales and dugongs from plastic ingestion and the discovery of several kilometre-long garbage islands off the coast of Southern Thailand, catalysed government responses to deal with the marine plastic pollution problem (Marks et al., 2020). Despite this culmination of (geo) political pressures, Thailand's roadmap was effectively diluted four months after its inauguration; by April 2022, political leaders had already begun to replace their language about banning these four types of plastic with softened rhetoric about its reduction (“Enforce the plastic ban,” 2022).What do these developments tell us about the political economy of Thailand's sustainable plastics transition and the circular economy model that underpins and legitimises it? The circular economy seeks to replace unsustainable forms of waste management (for example, landfills or incineration) with systems that are as closed as possible in reducing litter and reusing, recycling and recovering post-consumer products (Arsova et al., 2022). Although circularity has been interpreted and applied very differently within and between national contexts (Ncube et al., 2022; Rótolo et al., 2022), at its core, it rests on three principles of eliminating waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems (Ellen Macarthur Foundation, 2021). Introduced as a sustainable business model, it has been taken up by corporations and governments alike as a lucrative opportunity to turn the crisis of marine plastic pollution into potential profit (Mah, 2021).
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DOI：
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