Sex Differences in Academic Rank in US Medical Schools in 2014.
Sex Differences in Academic Rank in US Medical Schools in 2014.
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DOI：
10.1001/jama.2015.10680
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发表时间：
2015-09-15
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Blumenthal DM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jena AB;Khullar D;Ho O;Olenski AR;Blumenthal DM
自1980年以来，美国医学院担任正教授的女性比例没有增加，仍然低于男性。性别之间在年龄、经验、专业和研究生产力方面的差异是否能解释教师级别的持续差异还没有得到研究。分析美国学术医师中教师排名的性别差异。我们分析了教师排名的性别差异，使用了2014年美国医生与医学院教师任命的横截面综合数据库（91 073名医生;占美国所有医生的9.1%），与医生性别，年龄，住院年限，专业，撰写的出版物，美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）资金和临床试验调查相关的信息。我们估计了正教授职位的性别差异，以及副教授或正教授职位的综合结果，并在多层次模型中对这些因素进行了调整。我们还分析了性别差异如何随专业而变化，以及在研究中排名靠前的学校中，性别差异是否更为普遍。医生性爱。学术排名。总共有30 464名妇女是医学院教师，而男子是60 609名。其中，3623名女性（11.9%）与17354名男性（28.6%）获得了全职教授职位，绝对差异为-16.7%（95%CI，-17.3%至-16.2%）。女教师更年轻，在内科和儿科的比例不成比例。女性的平均发表总数为11.6篇，男性为24.8篇，差异为-13.2（95%CI，-13.6至12.7）;女性的平均第一作者或最后作者发表的文章为5.9篇，男性为13.7篇，差异为-7.8（95%CI，-8.1至7.5）。在9.1%的获得NIH资助的医学教师中，6.8%（30 464人中的2 059人）是女性，10.3%（60 609人中的6 237人）是男性，差异为-3.5%（95%CI，-3.9%至-3.1%）。总体而言，6.4%的女性和8.8%的男性在ClinicalTrials.gov上注册了试验，差异为-2.4%（95%CI，-2.8%至-2.0%）。经过多变量调整后，女性获得正教授地位的可能性低于男性（比例的绝对调整差异为-3.8%; 95%CI为-4.4%至3.3%）。在所有专业的正教授职位的性别差异，并没有根据医生的医学院是否排名靠前的研究资金。在美国医学院拥有教职的医生中，学术教师的级别存在性别差异，在考虑年龄，经验，专业和研究生产力的措施后，女性成为全职教授的可能性大大低于男性。
The proportion of women at the rank of full professor in US medical schools has not increased since 1980 and remains below that of men. Whether differences in age, experience, specialty, and research productivity between sexes explain persistent disparities in faculty rank has not been studied. To analyze sex differences in faculty rank among US academic physicians. We analyzed sex differences in faculty rank using a cross-sectional comprehensive database of US physicians with medical school faculty appointments in 2014 (91 073 physicians; 9.1% of all US physicians), linked to information on physician sex, age, years since residency, specialty, authored publications, National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding, and clinical trial investigation. We estimated sex differences in full professorship, as well as a combined outcome of associate or full professorship, adjusting for these factors in a multilevel (hierarchical) model. We also analyzed how sex differences varied with specialty and whether differences were more prevalent at schools ranked highly in research. Physician sex. Academic faculty rank. In all, there were 30 464 women who were medical faculty vs 60 609 men. Of those, 3623 women (11.9%) vs 17 354 men (28.6%) had full-professor appointments, for an absolute difference of −16.7%(95% CI, −17.3% to −16.2%). Women faculty were younger and disproportionately represented in internal medicine and pediatrics. The mean total number of publications for women was 11.6 vs 24.8 for men, for a difference of −13.2 (95% CI, −13.6 to −12.7); the mean first- or last-author publications for women was 5.9 vs 13.7 for men, for a difference of −7.8 (95% CI, −8.1 to −7.5). Among 9.1% of medical faculty with an NIH grant, 6.8%(2059 of 30 464) were women and 10.3% (6237 of 60 609) were men, for a difference of −3.5%(95% CI, −3.9% to −3.1%). In all, 6.4% of women vs 8.8% of men had a trial registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, for a difference of −2.4%(95% CI, −2.8% to −2.0%). After multivariable adjustment, women were less likely than men to have achieved full-professor status (absolute adjusted difference in proportion, −3.8%; 95% CI, −4.4% to −3.3%). Sex-differences in full professorship were present across all specialties and did not vary according to whether a physician’s medical school was ranked highly in terms of research funding. Among physicians with faculty appointments at US medical schools, there were sex differences in academic faculty rank, with women substantially less likely than men to be full professors, after accounting for age, experience, specialty, and measures of research productivity.