A Study of Radon-222 and Lead-210 Distribution and Transport in the North Atlantic

在过去的10-15年里，大气化学从 一门年轻的研究学科，主要致力于 城市污染与空气质量成为一门成熟的科学有关 从半球到全球范围内各种化学物质循环 物种 在很大程度上，这种变化是由于 人们越来越认识到人类活动会导致化学物质 对自然对流层的扰动 性问题 众所周知的例子包括 某些含氮化合物、铅 和其他重金属、人造放射性核素、若干 合成有机物、某些酸形成物种、碳 二氧化碳和甲烷。 大气中的这些化学变化 通常延伸到地球的土壤、海洋和生物群，远离 原始源极区域。 它们会导致 地球气候、重要营养循环的变化以及 对地球上的公众健康和生活质量有着重大的影响。 大气/海洋化学实验（AEROCE）将是 多机构协调大气和海洋化学 以北大西洋地区为中心的研究项目。 最终 AEROCE项目的目标是开发一个预测性的 对来自大陆物种的能力 北大西洋海洋对流层。 的选址 AEROCE中的测量协议由 建模人员和现场实验人员。 AEROCE项目的这一部分旨在提供一个主体 2001年12月28日至29日，维也纳 222 Rn和210 Pb的浓度，这些浓度可用于 “校准”模拟运输和清除的模型 追踪大气物种。 222 Rn的化学惰性使其 一种几乎理想的物质，用于验证 模型 对222 Rn的子核素210 Pb的研究，可为222 Rn的研究提供 有关发生在大气中的气溶胶去除过程的有用信息 海洋大气，从而为海洋大气的建模提供指导 其他痕量物质的这些过程。 建议使用经验证的取样和分析方法 222 Rn和210 Pb，作为AEROCE的一个组成部分，提供表面水平 空气中这两种物质的浓度 在北大西洋的岛屿上出现放射性示踪剂 海洋 抽样方案将在每个研究中心提供4小时的样本 从启动时间到项目结束，连续不断地排放222 Rn。 将在同一地点采集过滤器样品进行210 Pb分析 在所选择的形成良好的锋面在对比 气团。 1小时样本将在12小时前开始采集 预报通过时间，并在通过后12小时结束。 关于 每个月在每个地点抽取一组24个样本。 的 将使用数据分析方法解释所得数据，以 将浓度与气团特性相关联，并 产生一组统计特征（4小时，每日， 季节和年度平均值以及相关的标准偏差）。

Over the past 10-15 years atmospheric chemistry has evolved from a young research discipline devoted primarily to local problems of urban pollution and air quality to a mature science concerned with the hemispheric to global scale cycling of a wide variety of chemical species. To a large extent this change has resulted from an increasing realization that human activities can cause chemical disturbances to the natural troposphere on scales far beyond local concerns. Well-known examples include changes in the regional-to-global concentrations of certain nitrogen compounds, lead and other heavy metals, artificial radionuclides, a number of synthetic organic substances, certain acid-forming species, carbon dioxide and methane. These chemical changes in the atmosphere can often extend to the earth's soils, oceans, and biota far from the original source region. They can result in alterations in the earth's climate, changes in vital nutrient cycles, and impact significantly on the public health and quality of life on earth. The Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE) will be a coordinated multi-institutional atmospheric and marine chemistry research project centered in the North Atlantic region. The ultimate goal of the AEROCE project will be the development of a predictive capability for the continentally derived species observed in the marine troposphere over the North Atlantic. The selection of sites and the measurement protocol in AEROCE has been developed jointly by modelers and field experimentalists. This element of the AEROCE project is designed to provide a body of data and information on the temporal and spatial distributions of concentrations of 222Rn and 210Pb which will be usable for the "calibration" of models that simulate the transport and removal of trace atmospheric species. The chemical inertness of 222Rn makes it a nearly ideal substance for validating the transport portion of the models. Study of the daughter nuclide of 222Rn, 210Pb, can give useful information on the aerosol removal processes occurring in the marine atmosphere and thereby provide guidance in the modeling of these processes for other trace substances. It is proposed to use proven methods of sampling and analysis of 222Rn and 210Pb to provide, as a component of AEROCE, surface level air measurements of the concentrations of these two naturally occurring radioactive tracers on island sites in the North Atlantic Ocean. The sampling scheme will provide 4-hour samples at each site of 222Rn continuously from start-up time to the end of the project. Filter samples will be taken for 210Pb analyses at the same sites during passages of selected well-formed fronts between contrasting air masses. One-hour samples will be taken starting 12 hours before the forecast passage time and ending 12 hours after passage. About one set of 24 samples will be taken each month at each location. The resulting data will be interpreted using data-analytical methods to correlate the concentrations with the air mass characteristics and to generate a body of statistical characteristics (4-hour, diurnal, seasonal, and annual averages and associated standard deviations).