Functions of the Secretory Cocktail of Chromaffin Cells in aTeleost Model

肾上腺髓质参与心血管系统的控制， 功能，尤其是在应激反应期间。 肾上腺素和 去甲肾上腺素是它发挥这些作用的激素。 这 随着肾上腺髓质的发现， 一种叫做脑啡肽的肽类激素， 通过注射。 这些激素的功能，当被释放时， 肾上腺，是未知的，虽然它已被推测，他们有 欣快和镇痛作用。 然而，作为肽，这些 脑啡肽不能进入中枢的几个区域， 神经系统（由于血脑屏障的存在）。 到 让事情更混乱的是，现在很清楚，即使是真正的鸦片， 可待因和吗啡是由肾上腺产生的。 这些真正 鸦片制剂可进入中枢神经系统的许多区域。 很明显，理解这三者的相互作用 不同类型的物质，似乎同时释放 在压力下，对基础科学和 潜在的治疗原因。 不幸的是，哺乳动物 低水平的循环阿片类药物，因此只有有限的 相关研究的价值。 然而，美国鳗鱼是一种理想的 血浆阿片类药物的研究模型 它的肾上腺髓质 含有高浓度的所有三种类型的激素， 易于在体内和体外进行研究。 此外，血浆水平 可待因和吗啡的含量是哺乳动物的几倍。 此外，在实验条件下，鳗鱼的耐寒性要比 温血动物，其中枢神经系统更容易 研究比后者。 在这个提议中， 因为该物种具有独特的功能研究特征， 肾上腺三种分泌物的相互作用 髓质 实验方法包括：（a）测量在哺乳动物中的激素释放， 体内和体外;（B）分析可能的生理效应 脑啡肽和阿片类药物对心脏，呼吸，呼吸调节， 代谢和内分泌功能以及激动行为。 这些 研究应（1）有助于阐明嗜铬细胞的功能 分泌鸡尾酒，特别是在应激反应期间;（2）有助于 了解与嗜铬细胞相关的病理学;（3）提供 了解嗜铬细胞系统的基本见解 人类胚胎/胎儿，与长喙安圭拉的胚胎/胎儿相似。

The adrenal medulla is involved in the control of cardiovascular functions, especially during stress reactions. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the hormones by which it exerts these effects. This picture has changed drastically with the discovery of adrenomedullary peptide hormones, called enkephalins, that act like opiates when given via injections. The function(s) of these hormones, when released by the adrenal, are unknown though it has been speculated that they have euphoric and analgesic effects. However, being peptides, these enkephalins do not have access to several regions of the central nervous system (because of the presence of a blood-brain barrier). To make matters more confusing, it is now clear that even true opiates, codeine and morphine, are produced by the adrenal gland. These true opiates have access to many regions of the central nervous system. Obviously, an understanding of the interactions of these three different types of substances, which seem to be released simultaneously during stress, is of utmost importance for basic scientific and potentially therapeutic reasons. Unfortunately, mammals have rather low levels of circulating opiates, and are therefore only of limited value for pertinent research. However, the American eel is an ideal model for work on plasma opiates. Its adrenal medulla equivalent contains high concentrations of all three types of hormones, and it can be studied easily in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the plasma levels of codeine and morphine are several times higher than in mammals. Furthermore, the eel is much hardier under experimental conditions than warm-blooded animals, and its central nervous system is much easier to study than that of the latter. In this proposal the eel is employed because this species has unique features for research on the functions and interactions of the three types of secretions of the adrenal medulla. Experimental approaches include:(a) measurement of hormone release in vivo and in vitro; (b) analysis of the possible physiological effects of enkephalins and opiates on cardiac, respiratory, osmoregulatory, metabolic and endocrine functions, and on agonistic behavior. These studies should (1) help to clarify the functions of the chromaffin secretory cocktail, particularly during stress responses; (2) help to understand pathologies related to the chromaffin cell; and (3) provide basic insights for the understanding of the chromaffin cell system of the human embryo/fetus, which is similar to that of Anguilla rostrata.