Polar Experiment Network for Geophysical Upper-atmosphere Investigations (PENGUIn)

该项目将为自动地球物理观测站(AGOS)提供基本的仪器和科学分析，AGOS是由美国南极研究计划(USARP)开发的一个新的主要研究设施。AGOS非常像卫星，因为它们为在南极洲偏远地点自主运行的仪器提供电力、数据收集能力和长达一年的舒适环境。十五多年来，AGO的发展一直是美国空间物理界的优先事项。除本摘要所述的实验外，其他实验也将被安置在AGO系统中。该项目是马里兰大学、新汉普郡大学、斯坦福大学、奥格斯堡学院、纽约市技术学院、AT&Amp；T贝尔实验室、洛克希德空间和导弹公司与四个日本机构--东北大学、东海大学、京都大学和(日本)国家极地研究所--合作开展的。将在AGOS中部署的仪器是搜索线圈和磁通门磁强计、使用电荷耦合器件(电荷耦合器件)技术的双波长单色增强型全天极光成像仪、新开发的成像测速仪和甚低频/甚低频无线电接收器。该仪器与部署在包括麦克默多和南极在内的几个载人南极站以及北极类似仪器上的仪器非常相似。它也是对许多在轨和计划中的航天器上的仪器的补充。最终，USARP将部署六个AGOS。该科学将解决有关高纬度极地电离层的一些悬而未决的问题，这些问题是全球倡议的主要焦点，特别是STEP(日地能源计划)和ISTP(国际日地计划)。其概念是将地面测量、飞机、火箭和气球测量、理论和模型与美国航天局、国际航天局、欧空局和国际航天局将在1995年之前发射的13次新的航天器飞行任务将要获得的数据进行协调，并纳入从目前在轨的几颗卫星上获得的数据，如果这些卫星在1990.95期间仍在提供数据的话。STEP是一个国际保护伞，涵盖美国的Cedar、GEM、ISTP和MAX‘91计划。STEP的主要目标将是促进对负责将能量和质量从日地系统的一个区域转移到另一个区域的耦合机制的定量理解。具体的AGO研究将包括磁尖过程的电离层特征，增进对全球对流模式和磁层-大气电动力学耦合的理解。

This project will provide the basic instrumentation and science analysis for the Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGOs) that are a new major research facility that has been developed by the United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP). The AGOs are very like satellites, in that they provide power, data collecting capability and a comfortable environment for year long periods for instruments that are designed to operate autonomously at remote sites in Antarctica. The development of AGO has been a priority of the US space physics community for more than fifteen years. Experiments other than those described in this abstract will also be housed in the AGO system. This project is a collaborative effort of the University of Maryland, University of New Hampshire, Stanford University, Augsburg College, New York City Technical College, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Lockheed Space and Missile Corporation and four Japanese institutions, Tohoku University, Tokai University, Kyoto University and the (Japanese) National Institute of Polar Research. The instruments to be deployed in the AGOs are search coil and fluxgate magnetometers, a two wavelength monochromatic intensified all sky auroral imager using charged coupled device (CCD) technology, a newly developed imaging riometer and extremely low frequency and very low frequency (ELF/VLF) radio receivers. The instrumentation closely resembles that deployed at several manned antarctic stations, including McMurdo and South Pole, as well as similar instruments in the Arctic. It is also complementary to instruments on many orbiting and planned spacecraft. Eventually six AGOs will be deployed by USARP. The science will address a number of outstanding questions about the high latitude polar ionosphere that are a major focus of global initiatives, especially STEP (Solar Terrestrial Energy Program) and ISTP (International Solar Terrestrial Program). The concept is to coordinate ground based measurements, aircraft, rocket and balloon measurements, theory and modeling with the data to be acquired by 13 new spacecraft missions to be launched by NASA, ISAS, ESA and IKI before 1995 and to incorporate, as well, data taken from several satellites that are presently in orbit, should they still be providing data in the 1990.95 period. STEP is an international umbrella that covers the U.S. initiatives CEDAR, GEM, ISTP and Max '91. The main goal of STEP will be to advance the quantitative understanding of the coupling mechanisms that are responsible for the transfer of energy and mass from one region of the solar.terrestrial system to another. Specific AGO studies will include ionospheric signatures of magnetic cusp processes, improving understanding of the global convection pattern and magnetosphere.atmosphere electrodynamic coupling.