Development of American Metropolitan Industrial Complexes

目前正在重塑美国制造业活动版图的变化受到了学术界的极大关注。被问到的重要问题包括：不断变化的技术如何改变了公司的区位要求？不断变化的管理形式如何改变了公司之间的关系？然而，这并不是美国工业第一次经历戏剧性的转变。从1860年到1880年，新技术和管理实践从根本上改变了美国制造业的区位结构。这个项目将研究1860年至1880年期间美国东北部大型大都市工业综合体的形成和发展。基于4位标准工业代码的制造业数据将用于分析16个大都市综合体的混合变化。这些数据分析将通过对商业期刊上的文章的审查以及对选定的公司和行业的案例研究来补充，这些案例研究将试图确定和解释企业家的决策、商品的市场领域以及公司之间的联系。芝加哥、辛辛那提、纽约和匹兹堡-克利夫兰走廊的工业综合体的案例研究将在一般研究中发现的关系上进行放大。这项研究将补充许多研究领域已经完成的工作，增强我们对19世纪后半叶美国主要工业中心演变过程中复杂动态的了解。更重要的是，它将为大都市工业综合体发展模式的阐述提供基础。这一模型将为评估过去的其他产业转型提供依据，并将为评估当代制造业增长提供一个新的视角。

The changes currently reshaping the geography of manufacturing activities in the U.S. have received considerable scholarly attention. Among the important questions being asked are: How have changing technologies altered the locational requirements of firms? and How have changing forms of management altered the relationships among firms? This is not the first time that American industry has undergone dramatic transformations, however. From 1860 to 1880, new technologies and management practices fundamentally altered the locational structure of American manufacturing. This project will examine the formation and development of industrial complexes in large northeastern U.S. metropolises from 1860 to 1880. Manufacturing data based on 4-digit standard industrial codes will be used to analyze the changing mixes of 16 metropolitan complexes. These data analyses will be complemented by reviews of articles in business periodicals and by case studies of selected firms and industries that will seek to identify and explain the decision making of entrepreneurs, the market areas of goods, and linkages among firms. Case studies of industrial complexes in Chicago, Cincinnati, New York, and the Pittsburgh-Cleveland corridor will amplify on the relationships detected in the general study. This research will complement work already completed in many of the study areas, enhancing our knowledge about the complex dynamics at work in the evolution of major American industrial centers in the latter part of the 19th Century. Even more importantly, it will provide the basis for elaboration of a model of metropolitan industrial complex development. This model will provide a basis for assessing other industrial transformations in the past, and it will provide a new perspective for evaluating contemporary manufacturing growth.