RUI: An Attributional Model of the Mere Exposure Effect

摘要 研究表明，重复的，未经强化的暴露于 刺激（例如，图像、物体、人）导致喜欢增加 为了这个刺激。这种现象被称为“纯粹的 曝光效应”。PI实验室最近的实验 这表明对刺激内容意识抑制了单纯的 暴露效应，使阈下刺激产生显著的 更强的单纯暴露效应， 认可. 没有现存的暴露效应模型可以容纳这一点 结果的模式。因此，这些实验旨在测试 单纯曝光效应的新理论模型。该模型 认为暴露效应源于“知觉流畅性” (i.e.,刺激被感知的容易程度的增加 并被处理），这是由重复的刺激暴露引起的。当 刺激暴露是阈下的，受试者将知觉 流畅性效应的性质仅仅暴露刺激的基础上 根据实验者提供的线索。相反，当明显- 识别的刺激使用，受试者可以归因于流畅性效果 刺激熟悉程序，减少喜欢 仅仅暴露的刺激的等级。 五组实验将测试归因模型。的 第一个实验比较了单纯暴露效应的大小 对于有注意的和无注意的刺激， 以前在这方面的工作。在第二组实验中， PI直接检查感知流畅性的基础过程 仅仅暴露刺激的效果。第三组实验是 旨在评估刺激意识与 知觉流畅性的影响，在纯粹的曝光范例。在 第四组实验，PI检查各种实验 操纵，影响喜欢的归因于以前的 单纯暴露效应研究中的刺激暴露。在第五 一组实验，其他相关的理论问题， 将研究归因模型。 这些实验的结果将有重要的应用 在几个领域。首先，这些结果可以告诉我们， 关于情感和认知过程的方式， 态度形成和态度改变。此外，这些发现 可能有助于提高各种说服技巧的效率 基于重复接触一个信息、概念或 论点最后，这些结果可用于增加 生理治疗程序的功效，其中个体的 对不喜欢或害怕的刺激的态度得到加强 通过重复的、未加强的对厌恶刺激的暴露（例如， 系统脱敏）。

ABSTRACT Research suggests that repeated, unreinforced exposure to a stimulus (e.g.,image, object, person) results in increased liking for that stimulus. This phenomenon has been termed the "mere exposure effect". Recent experiments in the PI's laboratory indicate that awareness of stimulus content inhibits the mere exposure effect, so that subliminal stimuli produce significantly stronger mere exposure effects than do stimuli that are clearly recognized. No extant model of the exposure effect can accommodate this pattern of results. Thus these experiments are designed to test a new theoretical model of the mere exposure effect. This model contends that exposure effects result from "perceptual fluency" (i.e., an increase in the ease with which a stimulus is perceived and processed) that is induced by repeated stimulus exposures. When stimulus exposures are subliminal, subjects attribute perceptual fluency effects to properties of the merely-exposed stimulus based on cues provided by the experimenter. In contrast, when clearly- recognized stimuli are used, subjects can attribute fluency effects to the stimulus familiarization procedure, diminishing liking ratings of the merely- exposed stimuli. Five sets of experiments will test the attributional model. The first experiment compares the magnitude of the mere exposure effect for attended vs unattended stimuli, replicating and extending previous work in this area. In the second set of experiments, the PIs examine directly the processes that underly perceptual fluency effects for merely-exposed stimuli. The third set of experiments is designed to assess the relationship between stimulus awareness and perceptual fluency effects in the mere exposure paradigm. In the fourth set of experiments, the PI's examine various experimental manipulations that affect the attribution of liking to previous stimulus exposures in mere exposure effect studies. In the fifth set of experiments, other theoretical issues related to the attributional model will be investigated. The results of these experiments will have important applications in several areas. First, these results can inform us in important ways about the affective and cognitive processes involved in attitude formation and attitude change. In addition, these findings may help to enhance the efficiency of various persuasion techniques that are based on repeated exposure to a message, concept or argument. Finally, these results can be used to increase the efficacy of physiological treatment procedures wherein individuals' attitudes toward stimuli that are disliked or feared are enhanced via repeated, unreinforced exposure to the aversive stimulus (e.g., systematic desensitization).