Optical Studies of the Dynamics and Energetics of the High Latitude Thermosphere and Upper Mesosphere from Sondre Stromfjord and Thule Air Base, Greenland

格陵兰岛桑德雷斯特罗姆峡湾和图勒空军基地高纬度热层和上层中间层动力学和能量的光学研究

• 批准号: 9308157
• 负责人: Timothy Killeen
• 金额: $ 48.97万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1993-08-01 至 1997-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9308157&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Optical; Studies; Dynamics; Energetics; Latitude

9311196 Ryan This project will investigate why animals hatch when they hatch, and how the timing of hatching affects their survival. An amphibian species, Agalychnis callidryas lay its eggs on plants overhanging ponds, and the tadpoles fall into the water when they hatch. Tadpoles are able to hatch as early as 5 days old and will do so to escape from egg-eating snakes, if they are attacked. Undisturbed tadpoles, however, usually delay hatching for several days. They continue growing, inside the egg, and then they hatch they are less vulnerable to aquatic predators than are the smaller, early-hatching tadpoles. The proposed research examines the effect on survival of developmental and behavioral flexibility in hatching, in the context of risks facing embryos and tadpoles. %%% Many animals live in different environments at different stages in their lives, and most animals hatch. The problems facing animals making such changes are general, but in many systems only one of the two stages is accessible to study under natural conditions. This study of the effects of changes in hatching time on both the eggs and larvae of the red-eyed treefrog will add to our understanding of behavior and ecology. It will also provide detailed information on the ecology of this high profile rainforest species, particularly its interactions with its predators at a crucial life stage. *** Small Format Large Format Large Capacity Cassette Env Manual Feed Letter Quality Near Letter Quality Memo Draft 9311196 Ryan This project will investigate why animals hatch when they hatch, and how the timing of hatchi ng affects their s 5 F | | ( Times New Roman Symbol & Arial z z z " h gz Egz E t N Abstracts Tree-frogs Elizabeth M. Behrens Elizabeth M. Behrens

小行星9311196 这个项目将调查为什么动物孵化时，他们孵化，以及孵化的时间如何影响他们的生存。 一种两栖动物，Agalychnis callidryas把卵产在悬挂在池塘上的植物上，蝌蚪孵化后掉进水里。 蝌蚪能够孵化早在5天大，并会这样做，以逃避吃蛋蛇，如果他们受到攻击。 然而，不受干扰的蝌蚪通常会推迟几天孵化。 它们在卵内继续生长，然后孵化出来，它们比早期孵化的小蝌蚪更不容易受到水生捕食者的攻击。 拟议中的研究在胚胎和蝌蚪面临风险的背景下，考察了孵化过程中发育和行为灵活性对生存的影响。 %许多动物在生命的不同阶段生活在不同的环境中，大多数动物孵化。 动物在进行这种改变时所面临的问题是普遍的，但在许多系统中，在自然条件下，只有两个阶段中的一个可以进行研究。 这项关于孵化时间变化对红眼树蛙卵和幼虫影响的研究将增加我们对行为和生态学的理解。 它还将提供有关这种引人注目的热带雨林物种生态的详细信息，特别是它在关键生命阶段与捕食者的相互作用。 *** 小幅面大幅面大容量 盒 环境手动进纸 Letter Quality接近Letter Quality备忘录草案9311196 Ryan 这个项目将调查为什么动物孵化时，他们孵化，以及孵化的时间如何影响他们的s 5 F | | ( Times New Roman 符号Arial z z z " H gz Egz E 不 N 摘要树蛙 伊丽莎白·M伊丽莎白·M. Behrens