Status, Solidarity and Non-Verbal Communications

小行星9319897 摘要 人类的微笑是一种无处不在但又不确定的面部表情。 当情况令人愉快时，人们会对彼此微笑，但当环境令人痛苦、紧张甚至敌对时，他们也会微笑。 微笑似乎具有许多含义，似乎旨在实现各种社会目的，例如表示善意，肯定社会关系，传达让步或道歉，或制定社会地位。 本研究采用多种方法来确定微笑的不同含义是如何实现的，包括元分析，实验研究和现有的口头记录的内容分析。 提出了两个过程参与区分微笑：他们的身体素质和互动的背景下，他们发生。 这项研究将调查特定的面部特征，除了嘴角区域的向上转动，这可能会区分与从属关系相关的微笑表情和与安抚相关的微笑表情。它还将调查微笑的时间质量，如发病时间，持续时间和偏移，这可能会区分与从属关系相关的微笑表情与顺从或异议。 最后，它将确定微笑之间的差异是否也是相互作用的人之间微笑的互惠程度的函数。 以前关于微笑的研究主要集中在 与经验情绪的关系，忽略了微笑的社会功能。然而，这种看似微小的社交姿态却促成并改变了许多社交互动的性质。 这项研究将对我们理解这些影响做出重要贡献，从而提高我们在微笑可能被误解的情况下改善人际交往的能力。一个最好的例子是在本研究中，这将测试的观察，女性比男性更多的微笑，以及对这种差异的各种解释，包括女性的较高的归属动机或较低的社会权力的性别差异的检查。 ***

9319897 LaFrance ABSTRACT The human smile is an ubiquitous yet indeterminate facial gesture. People smile at each other when the situation is pleasurable, but they also smile when the context is painful, tense, or even antagonistic. Smiles appear to possess a number of meanings and seem designed to effect a variety of social purposes, such as showing good will, affirming social connections, conveying concession or apology, or enacting social position. This research employs multiple methodologies to determine how the diverse meanings of smiles are achieved, including meta-analysis, experimental studies, and content analysis of existing verbal records. Two processes are proposed to be involved in differentiating smiles: their physical qualities and the interaction context in which they occur. The research will investigate particular facial features, in addition to upward turning of the corners of the mouth area, that may differentiate smiling expressions associated with affiliation from those associated with appeasement. It will also investigate temporal qualities of smiles, such as time to onset, duration, and offset, that may differentiate smiling expressions associated with affiliation from those associated with deference or dissension. Finally, it will determine whether the differentiation among smiles is also a function of the degree of reciprocity of smiling between people who are interacting with one another. Prior research on smiling has focused primarily on its relationship to experienced emotion, neglecting the social functions of a smile. Yet, this apparently small social gesture contributes to and alters the nature of many social interactions. This research will make an important contribution to our understanding of these effects and thus to our ability to improve interpersonal communication in situations where smiles may be misread. A prime example is the examination of gender differences in smiling in the present research, which will test the generality of the observation that women smile more than men as well as various explanations for this difference, including women's higher affiliation motives or lower social power. ***