Immigrant and Native Mobility in Historical Perspective: Comparative Economic Progress in the U.S., 1850-1990

9511344尽管移民的特征和他们进入的美国经济的特征都发生了巨大的变化，但几乎没有证据来评估他们的经济流动性在美国历史的很长一段时间里发生了怎样的变化。我们缺乏一个历史基准，因为19世纪中期一直没有关于美国人经济流动性的足够信息。这一时期十年一次的人口普查公布的数据只能检查广泛的总体数据：净移民流量、特定地点或时间点的职业分布以及不同社区的平均财富水平。19世纪中期的移民和当地人具体去了哪里，他们在职业生涯中如何换工作，随着这些变化的发生，他们在金钱上有多成功，以及移民在美国的时间增加时，他们的经济表现如何变化，这些都仍然是一个谜。这个项目使用了两个新的纵向样本，即战前移民和原住民，分别在1850年和1860年的联邦人口普查中进行跟踪调查，以帮助填补这一空白。它记录了内战前几年移民和原住民之间的经济流动程度。各种来源提供了关于十九世纪末和二十世纪经济流动性的可比信息。移民委员会的报告(1911年)和1900-10年和1970-90年联邦人口普查的公共使用微观样本提供了移民在美国度过的年数的横截面信息，从而有可能看到随着移民在美国的时间增加，移民的经济表现与原住民的经济表现如何比较。这个项目提供了一个关于美国移民和原住民在近一个半世纪经济发展过程中经济流动性的历史视角。它评估了移民和当地人在三个时期的相对经济表现：1850-70年、1880-1910和1970-90年。这项研究将考察收入、职业成就和财富的变化，使用自来港以来的数据、职业历史和父母和子女表现的信息。这将使人们有可能评估移民和当地人的相对表现在很长一段时间内是如何变化的，并了解相对表现的变化有多少是由美国和世界经济的结构性变化造成的，有多少是由于对移民施加的法律限制的变化造成的。当移民在美国经济中的角色受到比1911年移民委员会报告以来任何时候都更严格的审查时，这些问题的答案尤其相关。1911年移民委员会的报告促使了配额制度的实施。

9511344 Ferrie Despite enormous changes in both the characteristics of immigrants and the character of the U.S. economy they have entered, little evidence has been available to assess how their economic mobility has changed over long periods of U.S. history. We lack a historical benchmark since adequate information on the economic mobility of Americans has been unavailable for the mid-nineteenth century. Published data from the decennial censuses of population for this period allow examination of only broad aggregates: net migration flows, the distribution of occupations at a particular place or point in time, and the average level of wealth in various communities. Where specific mid-nineteenth century immigrants and natives went, how they changed jobs over the course of their careers, how successful they were in monetary terms as those changes occurred, and how immigrants' economic performance changed as their time in the U.S. increased have remained a mystery. This project uses two new longitudinal samples of ante-bellum immigrants and natives followed through the federal censuses of 1850 and 1860 to help fill this gap. It documents the extent of economic mobility among immigrants and natives in the years before the Civil War. A variety of sources provide comparable information on economic mobility in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The reports of the Immigration Commission (1911) and Public Use Micro Samples from the 1900-10 and 1970-90 federal census of population provide cross-section information on the number of years immigrants have spent in the U.S., making it possible to see how the economic performance of immigrants compares to that of natives as immigrants' time in the U.S. increases. This project provides a historical perspective on the economic mobility of immigrants and natives in the U.S. over nearly a century and a half of economic development. It assesses the relative economic performance of immigrants and natives in three periods: 1850-70, 1880-1 910, and 1970-90. The study will examine changes in income, occupational attainment, and wealth using data on time since arrival, career histories, and information on the performance of parents and children. This will make it possible to assess how the relative performance of immigrants and natives has changed over long periods of time and to learn how much of the change in relative performance has resulted from structural changes in the U.S. and world economies and how much has resulted from changes in the legal restrictions placed upon immigration. Answers to these questions are particularly relevant when the role of immigrants in the U.S. economy is under greater scrutiny than at any time since the Immigration Commission's Report of 1911 which prompted the imposition of the quota system.