The Archaeology of Kahikinui, Hawai'i

在国家科学基金会的支持下，Michael Kolb博士将在毛伊岛的Kahikinui地区进行两个季节的考古挖掘和调查。这项工作的目标是了解分层的酋长社会是如何发展的，以及酋长们使用什么机制来积累和巩固他们的权力。夏威夷复杂社会的兴起经历了800多年的时间，见证了酋长制的迅速发展。夏威夷的寺庙和大规模的旱地和池塘农业系统证明了重要的中央领导和社会地位，第一批访问该岛的西方人遇到了一个有贵族统治阶级的社会。在人类学文献中，夏威夷是一个复杂的酋长国的最重要的考古和民族志例子之一。 Kahikinui的乡村自然和干旱气候为研究这一发展过程提供了一个很好的场所，因为整个考古景观基本上保持完好。成千上万的石头特征，包括居住地，农业梯田，神殿和寺庙仍然可见，直到最近该地区还很少受到考古学的关注。通过研究各个寺庙及其所包含的内容，并通过对不同地点的比较分析，可以建立一个社会如何组织以及如何随着时间的推移而变化的广泛图景。科尔布特别感兴趣的是酋长们如何利用意识形态来巩固他们的权力，并可以通过研究猪的遗骸来深入了解这一点。除了作为食物的角色，猪还担任重要的仪式角色，通常在仪式中被屠宰。通过分析这些动物遗迹的分布，并研究它们的分布如何随着时间的推移而变化，有可能将意识形态与政治权力联系起来。科尔布和同事们将绘制各个寺庙遗址的详细地图。这些将为衡量劳动力投资成本提供数据。将对所有这些进行挖掘，以恢复文化和动物群遗骸以及绝对测年的材料。 考古证据表明，文明在世界许多地方独立出现，并且在所有情况下都有相似的发展阶段。这有力地表明，一个基本的发展过程是这些共同轨迹的基础，人类学家希望了解其中的力量。由于有极好的人种学和人种历史学数据，以及保存完好的考古遗迹，夏威夷提供了一个很好的背景来研究这个问题。这项研究的结果将推广到远远超出个别岛屿群的范围。

With National Science Foundations support Dr. Michael Kolb will conduct two seasons of archaeological excavation and survey in the Kahikinui district on the island of Maui. The goal of the work is to understand how stratified chiefly society developed and what mechanisms chiefs used to accrue and consolidate their power. The rise of complex society in Hawai'i occurred over an 800 year period which witnessed the rapid development of chiefdoms. Hawai'ian temples and large-scale dryland and pondfield agricultural systems attest to significant central leadership and social ranking and the first Westerners to visit the island encountered a ranked society with a noble ruling class. In the anthropological literature Hawai'i stands as one of the most important archaeological and ethnographic examples of a complex chiefdom. The rural nature and arid climate of Kahikinui provide an excellent venue to examine this development process since the entire archaeological landscape has been preserved essentially intact. Thousands of stone features, including habitation sites, agricultural terraces, shrines and temples are still visible and until recently the region has received scant archaeological attention. Through study of individual temples and the contents they contain and through comparative analysis across sites it is possible to build up a broad picture of how society was organized and how this changed through time. Kolb is particularly interested in how chiefs used ideology to consolidate their power and can gain insight into this through the study of pig remains. In addition to their role as food, pigs served important ceremonial roles and most often they were slaughtered in ritual contexts. Through the analysis of such faunal remains across sites and examination in how their distribution changed over time it is possible to relate ideology to political power. Kolb and colleagues will make detailed maps of individual temple sites. These will provide data for measuring labor investment costs. Excavation will be conducted at all of them to recover cultural and faunal remains as well as materials for absolute dating. Archaeological evidence indicates that civilization arose independently in many parts of the world and that similar stages of development are common across all cases. This strongly indicates that a basic developmental process underlies these common trajectories and anthropologists wish to understand the forces involved. Because of the excellent ethnographic and ethnohistoric data available as well as the presence of well preserved archaeological remains Hawai'i provides an excellent context in which to examine this question. The results of this research will be generalizable well beyond an individual group of islands.