The Dusty Young Universe - Infrared and Sub-millimeter Photometry of High Redshift Quasars

在(亚)毫米波长范围内探测到相当一部分红移最高的类星体(z&gt；5)表明，自大爆炸以来的头10亿年里，已经合成了相当数量的尘埃。用Spitzer进行的24微米观测表明，在大多数z&gt；5类星体中，非常热的尘埃存在于类星体核心附近。然而，这些观测只能捕捉到尘埃发射光谱的尾部，分别在Rest200um和Rest&lt；5um。测量尘埃排放的峰值已经超出了以前的卫星或地面亚毫米望远镜的能力。因此，关键性质，如FIR光度、尘埃温度和质量，仍然不受限制。我们批准的赫歇尔关键计划将使用PACS和SPIRE仪器收集100多个高红移类星体的远红外和亚毫米光度测量。它的目标是三个类星体样本：(I)迄今已知的所有z&gt；5个类星体；(Ii)12个射电响声类星体和星系；以及(Iii)29个宽吸收线类星体加上17个非BAL类星体的对比样本。相辅相成的中红外和近红外观测目前是通过斯皮策和地面收集的。这一独特的数据集将允许对类星体相关恒星形成的全面研究。因此，它探讨了黑洞增长和星系形成的最早阶段，这是本优先方案的一个中心主题。我们需要1.5个职位(相当于BAT IIa)，以确保其科学潜力尽快实现。

The detection of a significant fraction of the highest redshift quasars (z > 5) in the (sub-)mm wavelength range indicates that a substantial amount of dust has been synthesized already during the first billion years since the Big Bang. 24 µm observations with Spitzer have shown that very hot dust is present close to the QSO core in most z > 5 quasars. However, these observations can only catch tails of the dust emission spectrum, at rest  200 µm, and at rest < 5 µm, respectively. Measuring the peak of the dust emission had been beyond the capabilities of previous satellites or ground-based sub-mm telescopes. Thus, critical properties, such as FIR luminosity, dust temperatures and masses, remained unconstrained.Our approved Herschel Key Programme will collect far-infrared and sub-millimeter photometry of more than 100 high redshift quasars using the PACS and SPIRE instruments. It targets three samples of QSOs: (i) all z > 5 quasars known to date, (ii) a dozen radio loud quasars and galaxies, and (iii) 29 Broad Absorption Line (BAL) quasars plus a comparison sample of 17 non-BAL QSOs. Complementary mid- and near-IR observations are currently collected with Spitzer and from the ground. This unique data set will allow a comprehensive study of quasar related star formation. Thus it probes the earliest phases of black hole growth and galaxy formation, which are a central theme of this Priority Programme. We ask for 1.5 (BAT IIa equivalent) positions to secure that its scientific potential is realized as fast as possible.