The Fada´il Genre in Arabic-Islamic Writings from the Late Middle Ages up to the 18th Century - Investigation into Ideas of Order of Nature and Society

到目前为止，对法达尔著作的研究主要集中在三个主题上，并取得了以下结果：(1)自然和社会的呈现，旨在以完美的状态描述这个世界的秩序。这同样适用于自然和社会。这种完美的出现要归功于法达尔王朝的卓越之处，他们通过王朝创造了秩序。与城市和地区相关的优势也是如此。这两种呈现都是构成的，它们没有指出缺陷，而是通过显示没有缺陷来肯定这个世界的完美状态。因此，对于这两个领域，我们可以说是积极的自我描述。作品的前言被证明具有特殊的表现力，因为它们使重建创作作品的原因成为可能，从而使个人作品的不同目的变得非常不同。他们可以处理与城市/地区的关系，直到尺子的影响。当社会是主体时，直接提到的是成就的创造者、生产秩序的创造者、从而生产完美的创造者。此外，这些著作还提出了(3)关于法达尔流派和史学关系的流派问题。当城市/地区的历史本身成为优秀时，作为秩序的持续表现的历史就成为王朝的优秀。鉴于数量关系，将部分作品归类为“混合形式”是合理的。在延展期的进一步调查将关注以下现象：研究期间的同质内容，直到类似抄袭的星座，因此有必要将该体裁的发生和发展纳入研究，以便在文学史的背景下定位形成法达尔作品的多种可能性。为此，应增加叙利亚和埃及流派的早期作品。已经可以看到，作为成功秩序的先决条件的法达尔已经发生了惊人的变化：在所讨论的时期到目前为止，这些优点被提出为在其目前条件下产生社会秩序的先决条件。在早期的著作中，他们以规定的态度提到要达到的条件，即使不考虑内容的一致性。

Up to now, investigation of the Fada´il writings (writings of excellences) has been focusing on three kinds of subjects and has yielded the following results: (1) presentation of nature and society aimed at describing the order of this world in a condition of perfection. This holds equally true of nature and society. This perfection comes about thanks to the Fada´il as the excellences of the dynasty through which they generate order. The same is true for excellences related to cities and regions. It is constitutive for both kinds of presentation that they do not point out deficiencies, but affirm the condition of perfection of this world by showing the absence of defects. Thus, for both fields we may speak of positive self-description. The prefaces of the works have been shown to have particular expressive power as they make it possible to reconstruct (2) reasons for creating the works so that very diverse purposes underly the individual works. They can deal with ties to the city/region up to the influence of the rulers. When the society is the subject the creator of the accomplishments producing order and thereby producing perfection are mentioned directly. Furthermore the writings give rise to (3) questions of genre regarding the relationship of Fada´il genre and historiography. When the history of the city/region itself becomes an excellence, history as a continuous performance of order becomes an excellence of the dynasty. In view of the quantitative relationships it would therefore be reasonable to classify part of the works as "mixed forms".Further investigations during the extension period would concern the following phenomena: Homogeneous contents during the period studied up to constellations similar to plagiarism make it necessary to include in the study the genesis and development of the genre in order to locate the diverse possibilities of forming the Fada´il writings in the context of literary history. For this purpose the earlier works of the genre of Syrian and Egyptian origin should be added. It can already be seen that the Fada´il as prerequisites for successful order have undergone an astounding transformation: In the period discussed up to now these excellences are presented as prerequisites for the production of social order in its present condition. In the earlier works they refer in a prescriptive attitude to a condition to be achieved, even regardless of congruities of contents.