Dissertation: The Impact of Hunting by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) on Demography and Behavior of Red Colobus Monkeys (Procolobus badius) in the Kibale National Park, Uganda.

捕食强烈地影响灵长类的社会进化，黑猩猩和红鳞猴之间有着一种特别有趣的捕食者-猎物关系。黑猩猩经常捕食各种哺乳动物，但无论这两个物种共存的地方，红色根瘤菌都是它们的首选猎物。关于几个地点的狩猎频率和猎物出手的数据很多，但关于捕食对红结核的社会结构和种群密度的影响以及它们对黑猩猩的反应的数据很少。这项研究将为乌干达Kibale国家公园Ngogo的红鞭毛虫行为生态学以及黑猩猩捕食对红鞭毛虫种群规模、种群组成和种群密度的影响提供数据。这些数据将解决关于灵长类社会进化、红结核的反捕食策略以及黑猩猩捕食的可持续性的问题。Ngogo拥有已知的最大黑猩猩群落；那里的捕食异常激烈，可能导致红瘤黑猩猩数量的长期下降，但人口数据不足以确定。每月沿四个横断面进行的人口普查，为期21个月，将提供关于种群密度、种群规模和组成的数据。这些数据，加上之前的人口普查数据和黑猩猩的数据，可以评估种群规模与捕食压力的关系，以及种群数量是否已经下降。关于群体组成的数据将检验关于反捕食策略的假设(例如，婴儿和青少年在有许多成年雄性的群体中生存得更好)。有关生态的数据将考察觅食效率和保护之间的权衡(例如，觅食竞争随着群体规模的增加而增加，但个体在较大的群体中更安全)。黑猩猩对红色结核发声的实验回放，加上对自然发声和黑猩猩接近的反应的观察，将解决关于反捕食策略的假设。这项研究将提高我们对捕食如何影响灵长类动物行为以及黑猩猩狩猎对人类进化的影响的理解。

Predation strongly affects primate social evolution, and chimpanzees and red colobus monkeys have a particularly intriguing predator-prey relationship. Chimpanzees regularly prey on various mammals, but red colobus are their preferred prey wherever these two species co-occur. There are extensive data on hunting frequency and prey offtake for several sites, but few on the impact of predation on red colobus social structure and population density and on their responses to chimpanzees. This research will provide data on red colobus behavioral ecology and the impact of chimpanzee predation on red colobus group size, group composition, and population density at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. These data will address questions about primate social evolution, red colobus anti-predation strategies, and the sustainability of predation by chimpanzee. Ngogo has the largest known chimpanzee community; predation there is unusually intense and might have caused a long-term decline in the red colobus population, but demographic data are inadequate to be sure.Monthly censuses along four transects, conducted for 21 months, will provide data on population density and group size and composition. These data, plus previous census data and data on the chimpanzees, can assess the relationship of group size to predation pressure and whether the population has declined. Data on group composition will test hypotheses about anti-predation strategies (e.g., infant and juveniles survive better in groups with many adult males). Data on ecology will examine tradeoffs between foraging efficiency and protection (e.g., feeding competition increases with group size, but individuals are safer in larger groups). Experimental playbacks of chimpanzee vocalizations to red colobus, plus observations of responses to naturally occurring vocalizations and to chimpanzee proximity, will address hypotheses about anti-predation strategies. This research will improve our understanding of how predation influences primate behavior and of the implications of hunting by chimpanzees for human evolution.