Transportation and Land Use: A Comparative Analysis

当代美国大都市区的特点是分散或分散的土地使用模式，平均密度一般较低，并且以私人车辆旅行为主。对美国这些趋势的解释包括一系列政策决定，这些政策决定促进了权力下放，使私家车更容易获得。然而，汽车拥有率和使用率的增加是一个世界范围的现象，这表明人均收入的增长以及基本的经济和社会趋势可能是主要的解释因素。本研究项目将采用国际比较分析的方法来探讨交通与城市形态之间的关系。该项目将发展和估计个人旅行行为的模型，并将检验关于土地利用特征在多大程度上解释旅行模式的假设。使用来自美国、英国和荷兰的个人层面的旅行调查数据，个人的流动模式将被检查。本文将探讨以下问题：都市空间形态的差异在多大程度上解释了流动性的差异？哪些地方空间特征会影响流动性？这些因素在不同国家之间是否有所不同？运输供给特征的差异在多大程度上解释了流动性的差异？这些因素相对于人口统计和社会经济因素有多重要？旅行目的不同，关系也不同吗？国际比较分析将允许对各种各样的空间形式和运输系统特征以及非常不同的政策环境进行审查。这一更广泛的方法应该有助于更好地理解导致观察到的旅行结果的潜在过程。流动性给个人和社会带来了巨大的好处，但也带来了巨大的成本。许多批评人士认为，目前的趋势是不可持续的，必须制定协调一致的政策来扭转目前的土地使用和交通模式。增加活动密度和混合的政策被提议为实现可持续发展目标的有效战略，因为增加可达性应减少私人车辆的使用，增加过境和非机动方式的使用。然而，人均收入的增加、经济结构调整和全球化以及人口结构的变化可能使限制性政策的效力降低或更难以接受。因此，尚不清楚改变土地利用模式的努力是否会导致明显不同的旅行模式。该项目将提供仔细而全面的实证分析，这对于理解空间形式在旅行行为中的作用是必要的，从而扩大对这些相互关系的基本理解，并有助于指导未来的政策制定。

Contemporary U.S. metropolitan areas are characterized by decentralized or dispersed patterns of land use, have generally low average densities, and are dominated by private vehicle travel. Explanations for these trends in the U.S. include an array of policy decisions that have promoted decentralization and made the private vehicle easily accessible. Increasing rates of car ownership and use is a world-wide phenomenon, however, suggesting that per capita income growth and basic economic and social trends may be key explanatory factors. This research project will investigate the relationship between mobility and urban form using international comparative analysis. The project will develop and estimate models of individual travel behavior and will test hypotheses regarding the extent to which land use characteristics explain travel patterns. Using person-level travel survey data from the U.S., Great Britain and the Netherlands, individual mobility patterns will be examined. The following questions will be addressed: To what extent to differences in metropolitan spatial form explain differences in mobility? What local spatial characteristics affect mobility, and do these differ across countries? To what extent do differences in transportation supply characteristics explain differences in mobility? How important are these factors relative to demographics and socioeconomic factors? Do relationships differ by travel purpose? International comparative analysis will permit examination across a wide variety of spatial forms and transportation system characteristics as well as across very different policy environments. This broader approach should lead to greater understanding of the underlying processes that lead to observed travel outcomes.Mobility generates great benefits to individuals and society, but it also generates significant costs. Many critics argue that current trends are not sustainable and that coordinated policies must be developed to reverse current land use and transportation patterns. Policies to increase the density and mix of activities are proposed as effective strategies for achieving sustainability goals, as increased accessibility should reduce private vehicle use and increase use of transit and non-motorized modes. However, rising per capita incomes, economic restructuring and globalization, and changing demographics may make restrictive policies either less effective or less acceptable. Thus it is not clear that efforts to change land use patterns would lead to significantly different travel patterns. This project will provide a careful and comprehensive empirical analysis that is necessary for understanding the role of spatial form in travel behavior, thereby broadening fundamental understandings of these interrelationships and helping to guide future policy development.