Transportation and Land Use: A Comparative Analysis

当代美国大都市区的特点是土地使用分散或分散的模式，平均密度普遍较低，私人车辆出行占主导地位。 对美国这些趋势的解释包括一系列政策决定，这些政策决定促进了权力下放，使私人车辆更容易获得。 然而，汽车拥有率和使用率的上升是一个世界性现象，这表明人均收入增长和基本经济和社会趋势可能是关键的解释因素。 本研究课题将通过国际比较分析，探讨流动性与城市形态的关系。 该项目将开发和估计个人旅行行为的模型，并将测试关于土地使用特征在多大程度上解释旅行模式的假设。 利用美国个人层面的旅行调查数据，英国和荷兰，将审查个人流动模式。 以下问题将得到解决：在多大程度上大都市的空间形式的差异解释流动性的差异？ 哪些地方空间特征影响流动性，这些特征在各国之间是否存在差异？ 运输供给特征的差异在多大程度上解释了流动性的差异？ 这些因素相对于人口统计学和社会经济因素有多重要？ 旅行目的不同，关系也不同吗？ 国际比较分析将允许检查各种各样的空间形式和运输系统的特点，以及在非常不同的政策环境。 这一更广泛的方法应有助于更好地了解导致观察到的旅行结果的基本过程。流动性为个人和社会带来巨大利益，但也产生巨大成本。 许多批评者认为，目前的趋势是不可持续的，必须制定协调一致的政策，以扭转目前的土地使用和运输模式。 提出了增加活动密度和组合的政策，作为实现可持续性目标的有效战略，因为增加无障碍环境应减少私家车的使用，并增加过境和非机动车模式的使用。 然而，人均收入的增加、经济结构调整和全球化以及人口结构的变化可能会使限制性政策的效力降低或更难被接受。 因此，目前尚不清楚改变土地使用模式的努力是否会导致显著不同的旅行模式。 本项目将提供一个仔细和全面的实证分析，这是必要的理解空间形式在旅行行为中的作用，从而扩大这些相互关系的基本理解，并有助于指导未来的政策制定。

Contemporary U.S. metropolitan areas are characterized by decentralized or dispersed patterns of land use, have generally low average densities, and are dominated by private vehicle travel. Explanations for these trends in the U.S. include an array of policy decisions that have promoted decentralization and made the private vehicle easily accessible. Increasing rates of car ownership and use is a world-wide phenomenon, however, suggesting that per capita income growth and basic economic and social trends may be key explanatory factors. This research project will investigate the relationship between mobility and urban form using international comparative analysis. The project will develop and estimate models of individual travel behavior and will test hypotheses regarding the extent to which land use characteristics explain travel patterns. Using person-level travel survey data from the U.S., Great Britain and the Netherlands, individual mobility patterns will be examined. The following questions will be addressed: To what extent to differences in metropolitan spatial form explain differences in mobility? What local spatial characteristics affect mobility, and do these differ across countries? To what extent do differences in transportation supply characteristics explain differences in mobility? How important are these factors relative to demographics and socioeconomic factors? Do relationships differ by travel purpose? International comparative analysis will permit examination across a wide variety of spatial forms and transportation system characteristics as well as across very different policy environments. This broader approach should lead to greater understanding of the underlying processes that lead to observed travel outcomes.Mobility generates great benefits to individuals and society, but it also generates significant costs. Many critics argue that current trends are not sustainable and that coordinated policies must be developed to reverse current land use and transportation patterns. Policies to increase the density and mix of activities are proposed as effective strategies for achieving sustainability goals, as increased accessibility should reduce private vehicle use and increase use of transit and non-motorized modes. However, rising per capita incomes, economic restructuring and globalization, and changing demographics may make restrictive policies either less effective or less acceptable. Thus it is not clear that efforts to change land use patterns would lead to significantly different travel patterns. This project will provide a careful and comprehensive empirical analysis that is necessary for understanding the role of spatial form in travel behavior, thereby broadening fundamental understandings of these interrelationships and helping to guide future policy development.