Statistical Theory and Algorithms for Signal Authentication

电子商务的巨大发展导致了对信息的保护和认证的迫切需要，这些信息现在被大量存储和传输。在许多应用中，信号(通常是音频、图像或视频)与诸如所有权标识或验证信号的时间戳之类的信息一起被传送到接收器。在一些应用(例如，无线视频传输)中，该信道被认为是不安全的，不是因为对手的存在，而是因为传输介质引入的显著降级。认证所需的秘密消息可以嵌入信号中(基于水印的认证)或在单独的信道上传输(基于散列的认证)。在水印中，宿主数据集被故意破坏，但以一种隐蔽的方式被设计为对随意的分析是不可察觉的。散列不需要修改信号，但需要在单独的通道上传输有关信号(认证标签)的辅助信息。签名认证包括诸如伪造检测和分析、数字媒体的版权保护、复制控制、指纹识别(叛逆者追踪)以及数据库查询和检索[1]|[30]等应用。水印和身份验证现在是音频、图像和视频处理中的主要活动，JPEG-2000、MPEG-4和数字视频光盘的标准化工作正在顺利进行。商业产品正在开发中。一年一度的国际工作人员信息隐藏会议于1996年举行，自1998年以来每年都举行。最近，主要技术期刊的专刊专门讨论信息保护[31，32，33，34]，图像和多媒体水印技术的全面调查可从[35，36]获得。

Moulin, PierreU of Ill Urbana- ChampaignThe enormous growth in electronic commerce has led to an urgent need for the protection andauthentication of information, which now is stored and transmitted in massive amounts. There is amultitude of applications where a signal (typically audio, image or video) is to be communicated toa receiver, along with information such as ownership identification or a timestamp authenticatingthe signal. The communication channel on which the signal is transmitted may be insecure, i.e.,an adversary may modify the signal in such a way that it can no longer be reliably authenticated.In some applications (e.g., wireless video transmission) the channel is considered to be insecurenot due to the presence of an adversary, but because of the significant degradations introducedby the transmission medium. A secret message necessary for authentication may be embeddedin the signal (watermarking-based authentication) or transmitted on a separate channel (hashing-based authentication). In watermarking, the host data set is intentionally corrupted, but in a covertway, designed to be imperceptible to a casual analysis. Hashing does not require the signal to bemodified, but requires the transmission of side information about the signal (authentication tag)on a separate channel.Signal authentication encompasses applications such as forgery detection and analysis, copyrightprotection for digital media, copy control, fingerprinting (traitor tracing), and database query andretrieval [1]|[30]. Watermarking and authentication are now major activities in audio, image, andvideo processing, and standardization efforts for JPEG-2000, MPEG-4, and Digital Video Disksare well underway. Commercial products are being developed. Annual International Workshopson information hiding have been held in 1996, and every year since 1998. Special issues of majortechnical journals have recently been recently devoted to information protection [31, 32, 33, 34],and comprehensive surveys of image and multimedia watermarking techniques are available from[35, 36].