Dissertation Research: Manufacturing Peace: Conflict and Cooperation in an Indonesian Marine Park

本论文项目由华盛顿大学环境人类学学生撰写，将研究印度尼西亚北苏拉威西岛海洋保护区布纳肯国家公园管理中冲突与合作的历史、社会和政治过程。在过去的五年里，反对公园建设的呼声日益高涨，并在2004年1月的一次起义中达到高潮。通过对这个引人注目的、文化和生态多样化的海洋公园进行详细的民族志分析，本研究解释了当地人如何表达他们对海景转变的反应，其次，详细分析了精英们代表这些反应的方式。海洋保护区现在是整个热带地区推广的最常见的海洋保护方法之一。然而，冲突围绕着这些项目的各个方面，这与它们的高失败率直接相关。本研究试图通过大量借鉴抵抗和社会运动理论（侧重于农民对现代化计划的抵抗）和政治生态学理论（侧重于合作）来阐明这种代表和地方行动的政治过程。它将使用定性和定量方法——人种学研究与家庭调查以及文件和档案分析相结合——将为检查冲突而开发的理论框架扩展到分析合作，以便质疑关于海洋保护的想当然的假设以及发展中国家海洋保护的意义和实践。这项研究创造的新知识的更广泛影响包括帮助海洋政策制定者设计更有效的海洋保护区。

This dissertation project by an environmental anthropology student from the University of Washington will examine historical, social and political processes of conflict and cooperation within the management of Bunaken National Park, a marine protected area in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. In the past five years, intense opposition to the park has mounted, culminating in an uprising that occurred in January 2004. Through a detailed ethnographic analysis of this high profile, culturally and ecologically diverse marine park, this research explains how local people have articulated their responses to seascape transition and secondly, presents a detailed analysis of the ways that elites have represented these responses.Marine protected areas are now amongst the most common ocean conservation methods promoted throughout the tropics. However, conflict surrounds every facet of these projects, directly correlating with their high failure rate. This research seeks to illuminate political processes of this representation and local action by drawing substantially from resistance and social movement theories, focusing on peasant resistance to modernizing schemes, and political ecology theory, focusing on cooperation. Using qualitative and quantitative methods - ethnographic research combined with a household survey and document and archival analysis - it will extend theoretical frameworks developed to examine conflict to analyze cooperation in order to question taken-for-granted assumptions about marine conservation and the meaning and practice of marine conservation in the developing world. Broader impacts of the new knowledge created by this research involve helping marine policy makers to design more effective marine protected areas.