SGER: Geochemical Analysis of S-bearing Species Using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) and Infrared Imaging at Cerro Negro's Fumarole Field

这笔探索性研究的小额赠款是为了探索在尼加拉瓜塞罗尼格罗火山活动地点使用尖端仪器的情况。文献中多次强调了H_2S/SO_2和H_2/H_2O之间的氧化还原关系，认为它们对确定气体排放的形态至关重要，而且可能反映了地下环境。这项研究是为了进一步开发目前在活火山SO2排放速率实验中开始扩散的DOAS(差分光学吸收光谱)系统。作为现场实验的一部分，研究小组将把DOAS测量与热红外成像相结合，以绘制这座火山的气泡场，以了解温度和硫氧化还原的变化。出口温度和氧化态之间的关系有可能产生关于岩浆气体和地下水之间如何在塞罗内格罗发生相互作用的新知识。这一新的方法将通过直接测量这个火山活跃地点的气体物种浓度和温度波动来验证。这项提议涉及来自美国和加拿大三个不同机构的年轻研究人员，其中两人来自代表性不足的群体(女性少数群体)。它包括由实地环境中的主要专家培训一名少数族裔女性学生，同时加强年轻教员、产业界和尼加拉瓜科学家之间的互动，使之能够建立联系和伙伴关系，从而有可能促进大学内部和国际上的进一步互动。当地科学家和这名学生将在为期三周的野外实验中接受使用几种新仪器的培训，在此期间，可能会发现许多关于年轻而不寻常的火山环境的东西。在实地活动结束时，迷你紫外线光谱仪将留给训练有素的尼加拉瓜科学家，用于尼加拉瓜未来的火山监测工作。实验结果将通过出版物和互联网及时发布。对社会的潜在好处包括发展以自动方式远程监测排气的能力，更深入地了解地下过程以及这些进步提供的潜在危险缓解。当地科学家的参与至关重要，因为他们将负责为当地民众制作教育产品，他们仍然记得20世纪90年代中期的疏散。这项提议还开启了与行业合作伙伴之间富有成效的关系。

This Small Grant for Exploratory Research is to explore the use of cutting edge instrumentation at the active site of Cerro Negro volcano, Nicaragua. The redox relationship between H2S/SO2 and H2/H2O has been highlighted several times in the literature as vital in determining the speciation of gaseous emissions, and likely reflects the subsurface environment. This study is to undertake further development of the DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) system currently beginning to proliferate in SO2 emission rate experiments in active volcanoes. As part of this field experiment, the team will combine DOAS measurements with thermal infrared imaging to allow mapping the fumarole field of this volcano for temperature and sulfur redox variations. The relationship between exit temperature and oxidation state has the potential to yield new knowledge on how interaction between magmatic gases and groundwater occurs at Cerro Negro. This new methodology will be validated using direct measurements of concentration of gas species and temperature fluctuations at this volcanically active site. This proposal involves young researchers from three different institutions within the US and Canada, two of whom are from underrepresented groups (female minorities). It involves the training of a female minority student by leading experts in a field environment, while enhancing interaction between young faculty, industry and Nicaraguan scientists, allowing linkages and partnerships to be forged that are likely to promote further interaction, both within the universities and internationally. Local scientists, and the student, will be trained to use several new instruments over the three week field experiment, during which time much could potentially be discovered about a young, and unusual volcanic setting. At the conclusion of the field campaign, the mini-UV spectrometer will be left with the trained Nicaraguan scientists to use in future volcano-monitoring efforts in Nicaragua. The results from the experiment will be disseminated through both publication and the Internet in a timely manner. The potential benefits to society include developing the ability to remotely monitor outgassing in an automated fashion, more insight into subsurface processes and the potential hazard mitigation these advances provide. The involvement of local scientist is crucial as they will be responsible for generating educational products for the local populace, who can still remember the evacuations of the mid 1990s. This proposal also begins what can hopefully become a fruitful relationship with an industry partner.