Development of an 'Offline' Version of Weather Research Forecast/Chemistry (WRF/Chem)

空气污染对人类健康、环境和全世界人民的生活质量构成重大威胁。许多国家正在采取行动，提高监测和控制空气质量的技术和操作能力，并采取预防措施来降低空气污染风险。空气质量建模是评估当前和未来污染估计的一种具有成本效益的工具。其中一个工具是天气研究和预报 (WRF)/化学模型，它已被开发为最先进的在线建模系统。在这种类型的建模系统中，化学与气象同时集成，允许在每个模型时间步长从气象到化学以及从化学到气象提供反馈。目前，WRF/Chem 已完全嵌入 WRF 通用基础设施 (WRFCI) 中。选项包括多种化学机制、气溶胶模块、干沉积、多种生物排放选项以及多种光解选项 (http://www.wrf-model.org/WG11)。然而，许多与空气化学相关的科学问题可能不需要“在线”表述。运营中心也提出了类似的论点，他们不想用成本密集的化学物质来减慢气象预报的速度。因此，在这个项目中，印度高级计算发展中心（C-DAC）的科学家与美国科学家（CIRES/FSL 的 PI 和 NCAR 的 Co-PI）合作，将开发 WRF/Chem 的“离线”大气化学模型。美国科学家直接参与了美国WRF/Chem的开发。印度科学家将为“离线”WRF/Chem 模型创建软件设计。这包括在 WRFCI 内读取和处理任何可用 WRF 核心的气象输出并仅运行 WRF/Chem 的化学部分而无需重复气象集成的功能。此外，印度科学家将使用 WRF/Chem 模型进行污染预测以及解决与印度空气质量问题相关的科学问题。更广泛的影响：该项目将使美国和印度受益，因为它为研究人员和业务科学家提供了出色的研究和预测工具（离线模型），并有可能提高对大气空气污染的理解和预测。这项研究由国际科学与工程办公室和大气科学部联合资助。

Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health, the environment, and the quality of life for people throughout the world. Many countries are taking actions to enhance their technical and operational capabilities to monitor and control air quality and implement preventive actions to reduce the risks of air pollution. Air quality modeling is a cost effective tool to assess the current and future pollution estimations. One such tool is the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF)/Chemistry model, which has been developed as a state-of-the-art online modeling system. In this type of modeling system, the chemistry is integrated simultaneously with the meteorology, allowing feedback at each model time step both from meteorology to chemistry and from chemistry to meteorology. Currently WRF/Chem is completely embedded within the WRF Common Infrastructure (WRFCI). Options include several chemical mechanisms, aerosol modules, dry deposition, several options for biogenic emissions, and several options for photolysis (http://www.wrf-model.org/WG11). However, many scientific questions related to air chemistry may not need an "online" formulation. Similar arguments are given by operational centers who do not want to slow down their meteorological forecasts with cost intensive chemistry. Therefore, in this project, scientists from the Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in India in collaboration with US scientists (the PI from CIRES/FSL and the Co-PI from NCAR) will develop an 'offline' atmospheric chemistry model from WRF/Chem. The US scientists are directly involved in the WRF/Chem development in the United States. The Indian scientists will create the software design for the 'offline' WRF/Chem model. This includes capabilities - within the WRFCI - to read and process meteorological output from any of the available WRF cores and run only the chemical part of WRF/Chem without repeating the meteorological integration. In addition, the WRF/Chem model will be used by Indian scientists for pollution forecasting as well as addressing scientific questions related to air quality issues in India. Broader Impacts: This project will should benefit both the United States and for India because of the provision of an excellent research and forecasting tool (the off-line model) to researchers and operational scientists and the likelihood of improved understanding and prediction of atmospheric air pollution.This research is jointly funded by the Office of International Science and Engineering and the Division of Atmospheric Sciences.