COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Systematics and Evolution of Malpighiaceae

金雀花科（Malpighiaceae）是热带开花植物的一个大科，在新大陆最具多样性，但在旧大陆，从非洲到菲律宾，有七个进化类群，每个类群与新热带类群的关系比与其他古热带类群的关系更密切。以前的分子研究表明，该家族是新世界的单一祖先的后裔，在那里，花的独特形态与采油蜜蜂的授粉有关。这些蜜蜂并没有伴随植物物种迁移到旧大陆，那里的花形态更加多样化。在这项研究中合作的三位专家结合了联合收割机在传统系统学和现代分子和分析技术方面的培训和经验，以及在Malpighiaceae的系统学和进化方面的多年工作。他们计划了一套四个相互关联的项目：1）额外的分子测序，以解决家庭的系统发育树中最严重的遗留问题; 2）使用DNA序列，化石证据，大陆历史和目前的地理分布，以解决这七个古热带群体的祖先从新世界迁移到旧世界的路径问题;（3）应用形态学差异研究古热带种及其新热带近缘种，评价花形态演化假说;以及4）修订该科的属分类，并将由此产生的分类放置在网站上，并附有系统发育树、交互式检索表、命名法、描述、插图、照片，本研究将弥补分子生物学研究与传统形态学技术之间的差距。研究人员之间的综合结果将成为系统学新方法的典范，这将满足世界各地依赖系统学家对热带生物进行最好、最现代分类的所有人的需求：保护主义者、生态学家、林业工作者和外行。该网站将提供一个及时传达这项工作所有成果的途径，并将允许不断更新和扩大所提供的信息。研究新大陆和旧大陆物种之间的关系，以及它们的迁徙路线，将对正在努力解决其他植物和动物群体中类似问题的生物学家产生极大的兴趣。对形态差异的研究将使生物学家更好地理解生命之树是如何保持形态停滞的。至少有一名巴西植物学家将访问美国进行这项赠款下的高级研究，这将有助于美国和南美洲最大和最重要的国家巴西科学家之间的融合与合作。本科生和研究生也将参与这项研究。

The Malpighiaceae are a large family of tropical flowering plants, most diverse in the New World but represented in the Old World, from Africa to the Philippines, by seven evolutionary groups, each more closely related to a neotropical group than to other paleotropical groups. Previous molecular studies have shown that the family is descended from a single ancestor in the New World, where the distinctive morphology of the flowers is related to their pollination by oil-collecting bees. Those bees did not accompany the plant species that migrated to the Old World, where the floral morphology is more diverse. The three specialists collaborating in this research combine training and experience in both traditional systematics and modern molecular and analytical techniques, and many years of work in the systematics and evolution of the Malpighiaceae. They plan a set of four interlocking projects: 1) additional molecular sequencing to resolve the worst remaining problems in the family's phylogenetic tree; 2) use of DNA sequences, fossil evidence, continental history, and present geographical distributions to address the question of the path(s) followed by the ancestors of those seven paleotropical groups in their migration from the New World to the Old World; 3) application of morphological studies of disparity to paleotropical species and their neotropical relatives to evaluate hypotheses on the evolution of floral morphology; and 4) a revision of the generic taxonomy of the family and the placement of the resulting classification on a website, with phylogenetic trees, interactive keys, nomenclature, descriptions, illustrations, photographs, and distribution maps.This study will bridge the gap between molecular studies and traditional morphological techniques. The resulting synthesis among investigators will be a paradigm for a new approach to systematics that will serve the needs of all those around the world who rely on systematists for the best, most modern classifications of tropical organisms: conservationists, ecologists, foresters, and laypeople. The website will provide a way to convey all the results of this work in a timely manner, and will allow for constant updating and amplification of the information provided. The studies of the relationships between New World and Old World species, and their migration routes, will be of great interest to biologists grappling with similar problems in other groups of plants and animals. Studies of morphological disparity will allow biologists to understand better how morphological stasis is maintained in the tree of life. At least one Brazilian botanist will visit the United States for advanced research under this grant, which will contribute to the integration and cooperation between scientists in the United States and Brazil, the largest and most important country in South America. There will also be participation in this research by both undergraduate and graduate students.