Collaborative Research: The Emergence of State-sponsored R&D: Research Policy and Knowledge Production in a Federal System

项目概述在新世纪的头几年，美国在州一级对以科学和技术为基础的研究和开发的支持方面发生了新的意想不到的事件。最戏剧性的是，自2003年以来，几个州已经拨款用于胚胎干细胞研究，其他州也在考虑这样的支持。在加利福尼亚州，选民们考虑了一项势均力敌的计划，即87号提案，该提案将为替代能源研究提供惊人的10亿美元。这些和其他举措标志着美国联邦系统中各州在历史上的科学政策角色的背离，并标志着州政府支持研究的范围和规模大幅增加。在过去的25年里，各州的科学技术(S和T；T)政策一直围绕着以技术为基础的经济发展问题。各州的主要科学政策目标一直与经济发展和创造就业有关。它们的重点一直是通过技术转让将新知识商业化以及支持和发展当地工业。在此期间，州政府、中央政府和研究界之间的典型关系是一种“伙伴关系”。然而，最近的这些事态发展似乎与过去有明显的不同，表明国家正在扮演新的角色。这个试点项目将通过分析州和国家层面的公开数据，记录国家S和电信政策的趋势。它将创建对四个假设进行初步测试和完善所需的数据集，这些假设试图解释S电信政策的最新趋势。这项试验性研究的结果将为制定实地工作研究计划提供信息，以支持进一步分析和发展以经验为基础的概念框架，以便更好地了解最近的活动。最终目标是提出一套改善国家级基础设施的建议，以更好地适应国家在S电信政策中的新角色。正如卡内基科学、技术和政府委员会在1992年确定的那样，长期以来需要更强大的州级机构为决策提供以科学为基础的支助。通过阐明州一级理解S科技政策的更好的、基于经验的理论框架，并通过描述需求和不断发展的最佳实践，该项目可以对各州的S科技政策实践产生重大影响，并为州与联邦关系在科学政策领域的新阶段提供指导。

Project SummaryThe first years of the new century have seen new and unexpected events in state-level support to science and technology-based research and development in the United States. Most dramatically, since 2003, several states have appropriated funds for embryonic stem cell research, and other states are considering such support. In California, voters considered a closely fought initiative, Proposition 87, that would have provided an astonishing $1 billion for alternative energy research. These and other initiatives mark a departure from the historical science policy roles of the states within the American federal system, and denote a dramatic increase in scope and scale of state support to research. For the last 25 years, science and technology (S&T) policies in the states have centered on issues of technology-based economic development (TBED). The principal science policy objectives of the states have been related to economic development and job creation. Their focus has been on the commercialization of new knowledge through technology transfer and the support and development of local industries. During this period, the paradigmatic relationship among state governments, the national government, and the research community has been one of 'partnership.' However, these recent developments appear to represent a distinct divergence from the past and suggest the emergence of a new role of the states.This pilot project will document trends in state S&T policies through an analysis of publicly available data at the state and national levels. It will create the dataset necessary for a preliminary test and refinement of four hypotheses that attempt to explain recent trends in state S&T policy. The results of this pilot study will inform the development of a research plan for field work to support further analysis and development of an empirically-based conceptual framework for better understanding recent activity. The ultimate goal is a set of recommendations for improving state-level infrastructure to better suit the new roles of states in S&T policy. There is a long-standing need, as identified by the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government in 1992, for stronger state-level institutions to provide science-based support to decision making. By articulating a better, empirically-based theoretical framework for understanding S&T policy at the state-level and by characterizing both the need and evolving best practices, this project can have a major impact on S&T policy practices in the states, and provide guidance for a new stage in state-federal relations in the science policy arena.