Collaborative Research: Investigating the impact of microbial interactions with geologic media on geophysical properties: Implications for assessing geomicrobiological processes

细菌已被证明在地质过程中发挥着重要作用，然而，它们在改变岩石地球物理性质方面的作用尚未得到充分了解，也尚未得到彻底研究。该项目是密苏里大学罗拉分校、罗格斯大学和西密歇根大学的研究人员为期三年的合作项目。 其目的是了解和测量微生物与地质介质相互作用引起的地球物理变化。 该项目的具体目标是进行实验室和现场研究，以调查：(1) 微生物细胞浓度和生物膜形成的增加对土壤和沉积物电特性的影响，(2) 微生物活动的代谢副产物（例如生物表面活性剂和有机酸）对地球物理电测量的影响，(3) 微生物-矿物相互作用引起的岩石物理特性（例如渗透性、孔隙度、表面积）的潜在变化，以及 (4) 微生物活性的差异具有异常地球物理特征的沉积物中的群落及其结构、动态和关联。第一阶段的工作将涉及测量实验室柱反应器中细菌细胞、生物膜和有机酸的电信号。 然后，最终的反应器产品将通过显微摄影进行成像，以研究生物膜的分布和孔隙几何形状的变化。 第二阶段的工作将重点测量反应堆沉积物的物理性质（形成因子、表面积、孔隙度、渗透率）。这项工作的结果将有助于建立一个数据库来关联电气、物理和生化参数，这些参数可用于现场输入数据的地球物理建模。 该计划的最后阶段将集中于现场测量和观察，了解沉积物电导率的变化如何与地质材料的微生物改变相关。 这些分析将在岩心和现场规模上进行。 这项研究将为地球物理学作为研究地球微生物过程的工具的发展奠定基础。 更广泛和潜在的社会效益包括开发地球物理技术，可用于监测和评估地下水含水层的生物定殖以及近地下溶解污染物的微生物矿化。教育和外展活动将侧重于学生参与以及学生主导的在全国性国际会议上向更广泛的地球物理学和生物地球科学界推广生物地球物理学。

Bacteria have been shown to play an important role in geologic processes, however, their role in altering geophysical properties of rocks is not well understood, nor has it been thoroughly investigated. This project is a three-year collaboration between researchers at the University of Missouri-Rolla, Rutgers University, and Western Michigan University. Its purpose is to understand and measure geophysical changes resulting from microbial interactions with geologic media. Specific objectives of the project are to conduct laboratory and field studies to investigate: (1) the effect of increases in microbial cell concentrations and biofilm formation on soil and sediment electrical properties, (2) the effect of metabolic by-products of microbial activity, such as biosurfactants and organic acids, on geophysical electrical measurements, (3) potential changes in petrophysical properties (e.g., permeability, porosity, surface area) induced by microbial-mineral interactions, and (4) differences in the microbial communities and their structure, dynamics, and associations in sediments with anomalous geophysical signatures. The first phase of the work will involve measuring the electrical signatures of bacterial cells, biofilms, and organic acids in laboratory column reactors. Final reactor products will then be imaged with photomicrography to investigate biofilm distribution and changes in pore geometry. The second phase of the work will focus on measurements of reactor sediment physical properties (formation factor, surface area, porosity, permeability). Results of this work will help build a database to relate electrical, physical, and biochemical parameters that can be used in geophysical modeling of field input data. The final phase of the program will concentrate on field measurements and observations on how changes in sediment electrical conductivity can be related to microbial alteration of geologic materials. These analyses will be carried out on cores and at the field scale. This study will form the basis for the development of geophysics as a tool for investigating geomicrobiological processes. Broader and potential societal benefits include development of geophysical techniques that can be used for monitoring and assessing biological colonization of groundwater aquifers and microbial mineralization of dissolved pollutants in the near subsurface. Educational and outreach initiatives will focus on student involvement and student-led promotion of biogeophysics to the wider Geophysics and Biogeosciences community at national mad international meetings.