Collaborative Research: Evaluation of Suggestions to Geoengineer the Climate System Using Stratospheric Aerosols and Sun Shading

“地球工程”是指采取有目的的行动来减轻无意中造成的全球温室效应。虽然已经提出了许多方案，但最合理的方案是通过向平流层注入粒子或在地球和太阳之间的第一个拉格朗日点（L1）放置反射器来降低到达地球表面的太阳辐射强度。这个模拟研究项目将解决这些注入的气溶胶如何表现，以及遮阳如何影响气候。此外，还将分析这些地球工程方案的政策和伦理考虑。将产生地球工程气溶胶注入和L1遮阳的合理方案。将开发模块来计算气候模式中注入气溶胶的详细演变。然后将使用这些场景和模块运行全球循环模型。这些实验将解决有关地球工程的一系列广泛问题，包括硫酸盐气溶胶注入可能增加酸性降水、太阳直接辐射的增加和减少、区域气候变化、如果或当气溶胶注入停止时迅速严重变暖的可能性、天然火山气溶胶和地球工程气溶胶效应之间的相互作用、对卷云的影响、与厄尔尼诺等自然气候变化的相互作用，以及对对流层污染物负担的贡献。这些实验将包括在两个气候模型中引入详细的气溶胶演化方案，戈达德太空飞行中心的GEOS5模型具有高空间分辨率，戈达德空间研究所（GISS）的ModelE模型分辨率较低，将用于探索性实验。来自罗格斯大学哲学系的联合研究员邦兹尔将作为气候建模工作和社会科学家之间的桥梁，他们将被邀请研究模型结果并将其用于社会科学模型。将分析地球工程的潜在风险和收益，并考虑这些风险和收益在社区和地区之间分布不均的程度。该项目的更广泛影响源于需要进行诸如此类的研究，以便使决策者和公众了解不同地球工程方案的潜在成本和收益。

"Geoengineering" is the idea of taking purposeful action to mitigate the effects of inadvertent global greenhouse warming. While a number of schemes have been proposed, the most plausible involve reducing the intensity of solar radiation reaching Earth's surface, either by injecting particles into the stratosphere or by stationing reflectors between the Earth and the Sun in space at the first Lagrange point (L1).This program of modeling studies will address how such injected aerosols would behave and how the solar shading would affect the climate. In addition, the policy and ethical considerations of these geoengineering schemes will be analyzed.Plausible scenarios for geoengineered aerosol injections and L1 sun-shading will be generated. Modules will be developed to calculate the detailed evolution of the injected aerosols in climate models. Global circulation models will then be run using these scenarios and modules. These experiments will address a wide range of questions about geoengineering, including the possible increase in acidic precipitation from the injection of sulfate aerosol, the increase in diffuse and decrease in direct solar radiation, regional climate changes, the potential for rapid severe warming if or when the aerosol injection ceases, interactions between the effects of natural volcanic and geoengineered aerosols, effects on cirrus clouds, interactions with natural climate variations such as El Nino, and contributions to tropospheric burdens of pollutants.The experiments will involve the introduction of detailed aerosol evolution schemes into two climate models, the Goddard Space Flight Center GEOS5 model, which features high spatial resolution, and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) ModelE, which has lower resolution and will be used for exploratory experiments. Co-investigator Bunzl, from Rutger's Department of Philosophy, will serve as a bridge between the climate modeling work and social scientists, who will be invited to study the model results and use them in social-science models. The potential risks and benefits of geoengineering will be analyzed and the extent to which these are distributed unevenly across communities and regions will be considered.The broader impacts of this project stem from the need for studies, such as this, to inform policy makers and the public regarding the potential costs and benefits of different geoengineering schemes.