Transport of Tetracycline (Tc) and Tc Resistance Genes in Poultry Farm Soils and Aquifer Materials: Influence on Bacterial Tc Resistance

马库斯·希尔伯特约翰·霍普金斯大学FORM 7背景、回顾和分析声明CBET-0730932家禽养殖场土壤和含水层材料中四环素(TC)和四环素抗性基因的运输：对细菌TC耐药性的影响摘要抗菌素耐药性细菌对动物和人类的健康构成重大风险。几项研究表明，抗生素耐药性感染与动物生产中抗生素的使用之间存在联系。欧盟和其他国家已经禁止在动物饲料中使用抗生素作为生长促进剂；随后，农场动物、动物产品和人类群体中耐药细菌的流行率有所下降。相比之下，美国还没有实施逐步淘汰增长促进抗生素在动物农业中的使用，尽管其有效性存在一些疑问。拟议的项目旨在探索集中动物饲养操作(CAFO)在地下环境中抗生素运输和抗生素耐药性转移中的潜在作用。尽管畜禽养殖场的数量减少了80%以上，但由于CAFO，总产量有所增加。每年大约生产85亿只肉鸡(美国农业部，2004年)。据估计，每只鸡在48天的寿命内产生1.46{2.67公斤的废物[67，84]，每年的肉鸡生产导致12{230亿公斤的总废物。德尔马尔瓦半岛特别令人担忧，因为它贡献了美国约7%的肉鸡总产量。这相当于每年约10亿公斤的家禽排泄物。通常情况下，排泄物被储存一段时间，然后应用于田地。据估计，90%以上的家禽粪便通常按照联邦和州的规定应用于土地。

Markus HilpertJohn Hopkins UniversityFORM 7 Context, Review and Analysis StatementCBET-0730932Transport of Tetracycline (Tc) and Tc Resistance Genes in Poultry FarmSoils and Aquifer Materials: Influence on Bacterial Tc ResistanceAbstractAntibiotic resistant bacteria constitute a significant risk to the health of animals and humans. Several studies suggest links between antibiotic resistant infections and the use of antibiotics in animal production. The European Union and other nations have banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promoters in animal feed; the prevalence of resistant bacteria has subsequently declined in farm animals, animal products, and human populations. By contrast, the US has not implemented a phase out of growth promoting antibiotics use in animal agriculture, despite some questions about its effectiveness.The proposed project seeks to explore the potential role of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in the transport of both antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in subsurface environments. Although the number of farms that produce livestock and poultry has decreased by more than 80%, total production has increased due to CAFOs. Approximately 8.5 billion broiler chickens are produced annually (USDA, 2004). Estimating that each chicken produces 1.46{2.67 kg of waste during a 48-day lifespan [67, 84], the annual broiler production results in 12{23 billion kg of total waste. The Delmarva Peninsula is of special concern, as it contributes about 7% of the total broiler production in the US. This corresponds to about 1 billion kg of poultry waste annually.Typically, the waste is stored for some period of time and then applied to fields. It is estimated that more than 90% of the poultry litter is applied to land usually in accordance with federal and state regulations.