Doctoral Dissertation Grant: Spatial Economies Of Precontact Exchange In Greater Monterey Bay Area, California

在Diane P. Gifford-Gonzalez博士的指导下，夏洛特·孙塞里将探索加州大蒙特雷湾地区史前经济体系的性质和狩猎采集者之间的贸易关系。该项目将综合从蒙特雷湾内陆到圣克拉拉谷的115公里x65公里横断面的55个地点的文化资源管理调查的考古数据，并对该地区三个主要居住地点的动物骨骼和石器进行原始分析。这些数据将阐明经济决策的社会和生态方面（例如贸易伙伴的选择和商品生产）、对资源的领土性的表达、商品的专门化以及个人的财富积累。由于这些地点可以追溯到中期（公元前600年至公元1000年），通过中晚期过渡（公元1000年至1250年），从中世纪气候异常（公元800年至1400年）开始的材料签名允许本项目监测接触前加州人口对环境压力的初步反应。该项目的方法包括：分析食物遗骸和毛皮或皮革生产的证据，对动物遗骸和贝壳珠进行直接放射性碳测年，以便对经济决策进行时间控制，确定作为潜在外来材料的贝壳珠和黑曜石的来源，以及分析贸易项目和资源使用的空间模式。对整个地区不同材料类型分布的空间分析将有助于阐明谁参与了贸易关系（精英与非精英），如何促进交换（例如中心交换、再分配等），以及哪些材料是声望商品或财富物品。这个项目测试长期存在的经济战略的假设，在中等范围，狩猎采集社会生活在环境不可预测的情况下。通过这种方式，它解决了加州的一个持久的刻板印象，天堂的神话，表明这个地区并不总是有稳定和舒适的气候条件，而是可能有压力的气候事件，对文化的变化产生了重大影响。这项研究的学术价值在于它对大蒙特雷湾地区考古知识的实质性综合的贡献，以及理解史前时期启动和维持交流过程的理论方法。它将产生基于GIS的定居模式、资源分布和贸易网络的数据集，这些数据集将作为在线资源传播给加州考古学家。除了这个项目中产生的数据集和结论之外，它还广泛影响了加州大学圣克鲁斯分校考古学本科生的教育。该项目为本科生提供实验室方法和数据解释方面的一对一强化培训。这种实践分析经验补充了课堂知识，并通过UC-Santa Cruz作为考古数据的区域档案馆的作用，促进了考古信息的管理和传播。

Under the supervision of Dr. Diane P. Gifford-Gonzalez, Charlotte Sunseri will explore the nature of prehistoric economic systems and trade relationships among hunter-gatherers of the greater Monterey Bay area of California. This project will synthesize archaeological data from Cultural Resource Management investigations at 55 sites in a 115 km x 65 km transect from the Monterey Bay inland to the Santa Clara Valley and produce original analyses of animal bones and stone tools from three major residential sites in this zone. These data will elucidate social and ecological aspects of economic decisions (e.g. trading partner selection and commodity production), expressions of territoriality over resources, specialization of goods, and wealth accumulation by individuals. Since these sites date to the Middle Period (600 BC-AD 1000) through Middle-Late Transition (AD 1000-1250), the material signatures from the onset of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (AD 800-1400) allow this project to monitor initial responses of precontact Californian populations to environmental stress. Methods of this project include: analysis of food remains and evidence for pelt or leather production, direct radiocarbon dating of faunal remains and shell beads for temporal control of economic decisions, source determination of shell beads and obsidian as potential exotic materials, and analysis of the spatial patterns of trade items and resource use. Spatial analysis of the distribution of different material types throughout the region will help elucidate who was involved in trade relationships (elites versus non-elites), how the exchange was facilitated (e.g. central place exchange, redistribution, etc.), and which materials were prestige goods or wealth items. This project tests long-standing hypotheses of economic strategies among middle range, hunter-gatherer societies living in environmentally unpredictable contexts. In this way, it addresses one of the enduring stereotypes of California, the Myth of Paradise, by suggesting that this region did not always have stable and comfortable climatic conditions, but rather may have had stressful climatic events that had significant impacts on culture change. The intellectual merit of this research lies in its contribution to substantive syntheses of archaeological knowledge of the greater Monterey Bay area, and theoretical approaches to understanding processes which initiated and maintained exchange in prehistory. It will produce GIS-based datasets of settlement patterns, resource distributions, and trade networks, which will be disseminated to California archaeologists as an online resource. Beyond the datasets and conclusions produced in this project, it broadly impacts the education of archaeology undergraduates at UC-Santa Cruz. The project provides one-to-one, intensive training to undergraduates in laboratory methods and data interpretation. This hands-on analysis experience supplements classroom knowledge and contributes to the management and dissemination of archaeological information through the role of UC-Santa Cruz as a regional archive of archaeological data.