Understanding Late to Terminal Classic Political and Economic Transformations: Archaeological Investigations at Xuenkal, Yucatán, Mexico

了解晚期到晚期的经典政治和经济转型：墨西哥尤卡坦州雪恩卡尔的考古调查

• 批准号: 0852233
• 负责人: Thomas Manahan
• 金额: $ 19.99万
• 依托单位: Kent State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-02-01 至 2012-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0852233&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Understanding; Late; Terminal; Classic; Political

Supported by the National Science Foundation, Drs. Kam Manahan and Traci Ardren will lead an international team of specialists and students in the archaeological investigation of how household economic strategies adapted to increasing regional political pressures during the Late Classic (A.D. 600 - 900) to Terminal Classic (A.D. 900 - 1000) transition, a time marked by great sociopolitical transformations, at the ancient Maya center of Xuenkal, Yucatan, Mexico and environs. While the Late-Terminal Classic transition represents a period of decline in many areas, in the Northern Lowlands this time period coincides with the greatest regional influence of the large urban center of Chichén Itzá. The site of Xuenkal is significant because it contains both substantial occupations that predate the emergence of Chichén Itzá and subsequent settlement associated with the latter's greatest regional influence. By investigating the shift in household economic strategies between the Late Classic and Terminal Classic, the project seeks to elucidate how diverse household strategies articulated within broader political economies on the levels of the household, the community, and the polity. The project will accomplish this by pursuing a program of both mapping and broad horizontal excavations of a sample of households drawn from three distinct communities in the project area.Specifically the research poses the following questions: (1) Did household economic strategies shift between the Late Classic and Terminal Classic? (2) Were there concomitant changes seen in the regional settlement hierarchy? (3) Did the political economy of Chichén Itzá as expressed at Xuenkal and environs differ significantly in terms of organization and intensity from Late Classic norms? This research will contribute more broadly to ongoing theoretical debates about the nature of pre-industrial state economic organization from Mesoamerica and beyond. Chichén Itzá is widely considered to have possessed a much more hierarchical and mercantile political economy in contrast to Late Classic Maya modes, but the role of the political economy in shaping household economic strategies on the regional level remains poorly understood. Moreover, the strategies employed by household members to adapt to political and economic landscapes beyond their immediate control are unknown. This research will provide the data to examine the strength of Chichén Itzá's political economy over the broader region, the degree to which it penetrated into individual household economic decision making, and how household economic autonomy was negotiated in a rapidly evolving sociopolitical landscape. In terms of broader impacts, this research will solidify long-term collaborations between US and Mexican institutions and foster lasting intellectual bonds with our Mexican colleagues at the Universidad Autónoma de Campeche and the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. This project will also involve American and Mexican undergraduate and graduate students from leading US, Mexican, and Canadian institutions, providing them with training and research opportunities. Finally, the project will provide a significant amount of training and wage labor to members of the traditional Yucatec Maya community of Espita, Yucatan, which currently is experiencing strong migration pressures.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，Kam Manahan博士和Traci Arabian博士将领导一个由专家和学生组成的国际团队，对古典晚期家庭经济战略如何适应日益增加的区域政治压力进行考古调查。（公元600 - 900年）到终端经典（公元900 - 1000年）的过渡，这一时期的标志是巨大的社会政治变革，在古代玛雅中心Xuenkal，尤卡坦半岛，墨西哥和周边地区。 虽然晚期经典过渡代表了许多地区的衰落时期，但在北方低地，这一时期恰逢奇琴伊察大城市中心最大的区域影响力。Xuenkal遗址意义重大，因为它包含了在Chichén Itzá出现之前的大量占领和随后与后者最大的区域影响力相关的定居点。 通过研究家庭经济战略在晚期经典和终端经典之间的转变，该项目旨在阐明家庭，社区和政体层面上的更广泛的政治经济中，不同的家庭战略是如何表达的。 该项目将通过对项目区三个不同社区的家庭样本进行测绘和广泛的横向挖掘来实现这一目标。具体来说，研究提出了以下问题：（1）家庭经济战略在晚期经典和晚期经典之间发生了转变吗？(2)在区域定居等级制度中是否看到了相应的变化？(3)奇琴伊察的政治经济学在春卡尔及其周边地区的表现，是否在组织和强度方面与古典晚期的规范有显著差异？ 这项研究将有助于更广泛地从中美洲和超越正在进行的关于前工业化国家经济组织的性质的理论辩论。 人们普遍认为奇琴伊察的政治经济与古典玛雅晚期的模式相比，等级制度和商业化程度更高，但人们对政治经济在地区层面上塑造家庭经济战略的作用仍然知之甚少。 此外，家庭成员为适应他们无法直接控制的政治和经济环境而采用的战略也是未知的。 这项研究将提供的数据，以检查在更广泛的地区，它渗透到个人家庭经济决策的程度，以及如何在一个快速发展的社会政治格局家庭经济自主权的力量。 在更广泛的影响方面，这项研究将巩固美国和墨西哥机构之间的长期合作，并与我们在坎佩切自治大学和尤卡坦自治大学的墨西哥同事建立持久的知识联系。 该项目还将涉及来自美国，墨西哥和加拿大领先机构的美国和墨西哥本科生和研究生，为他们提供培训和研究机会。 最后，该项目将为尤卡坦州埃斯皮塔的传统尤卡坦玛雅社区成员提供大量培训和工资劳动力，该社区目前正面临强大的移民压力。