Effect of Ocean Acidification on Early Life History Stages of the Antarctic Sea Urchins Sterechinus Neumayeri

摘要本研究考察了海洋酸化对南极洲沿海水域一种当代钙化动物--海胆Sterechinus appayeri的胚胎和幼虫的影响。未来海洋酸化的影响预计将对冷水、高纬度海洋中钙化的海洋生物构成特别威胁，使关于这些生物的耐受性数据成为南极海洋生态系统的关键研究需要。由于棘皮动物钙化坚硬部分的镁含量很高，因此特别容易受到海洋酸化造成的溶解压力的影响，因为它们目前生活在勉强达到支持生物钙化的饱和水平的海水中。因此，冷水、高纬度、坚硬部分镁含量高的物种被认为是对表层海洋化学变化的“第一反应”。这项建议中的研究将使用几个指标来检验当代海胆胚胎和幼虫对二氧化碳酸化海水的生理可塑性，以模拟IPCC模型定义的情景，并通过对南大洋未来酸化预测的分析来进行。这项研究还将调查两个与气候变化相关的压力因素--二氧化碳驱动的海洋酸化和海洋变暖--协同作用的生物学后果。具体地说，这项研究将(1)评估二氧化碳酸化海水对早期胚胎和幼虫发育的影响，(2)利用形态计量学，检查在高二氧化碳海洋酸化条件下幼虫内骨骼随发育的变化，(3)利用DNA微阵列，研究参与生物矿化和其他重要生理过程的基因表达谱的变化，以及(4)测量在海洋酸化条件下发育的成本和生理后果。该提案将支持本科生、研究生和博士后研究员的培训。国际和平研究所还将与加州大学圣巴巴拉·格韦尔茨教育研究生院合作，利用“球体科学”技术，将海洋酸化的生物效应与南大洋预期的化学变化联系起来。这次展览将陈列在一个教育和公共宣传中心--海洋科学教学推广中心(OCTOS)，这是加州大学圣巴巴拉分校正在建设的一个新的最先进的设施。

AbstractThe research examine the effects of ocean acidification on embryos and larvae of a contemporary calcifier in the coastal waters of Antarctica, the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. The effect of future ocean acidification is projected to be particularly threatening to calcifying marine organisms in coldwater, high latitude seas, making tolerance data on these organisms a critical research need in Antarctic marine ecosystems. Due to a high magnesium (Mg) content of their calcitic hard parts, echinoderms are especially vulnerable to dissolution stress from ocean acidification because they currently inhabit seawater that is barely at the saturation level to support biogenic calcification. Thus, cold-water, high latitude species with a high Mg-content in their hard parts are considered to be the 'first responders' to chemical changes in the surface oceans. Studies in this proposal will use several metrics to examine the physiological plasticity of contemporary urchin embryos and larvae to CO2-acidified seawater, to mimic the scenarios defined by IPCC models and by analyses of future acidification predicted for the Southern Ocean. The research also will investigats the biological consequences of synergistic interactions of two converging climate change-related stressors - CO2- driven ocean acidification and ocean warming. Specifically the research will (1) assess the effect of CO2-acidified seawater on the development of early embryos and larvae, (2) using morphometrics, examine changes in the larval endoskeleton in response to development under the high-CO2 conditions of ocean acidification, (3) using a DNA microarray, profile changes in gene expression for genes involved in biomineralization and other important physiological processes, and (4) measure costs and physiological consequences of development under conditions of ocean acidification. The proposal will support the training of undergraduates, graduate students and a postdoctoral fellow. The PI also will collaborate with the UC Santa Barbara Gevirtz Graduate School of Education to link the biological effects of ocean acidification to the chemical changes expected for the Southern Ocean using the 'Science on a Sphere' technology. This display will be housed in an education and public outreach center, the Outreach Center for Teaching Ocean Science (OCTOS), a new state-of-the-art facility under construction at UC Santa Barbara.