Race, Poverty, and Science in Mexico and the United States, 1930-1970

这项研究分析了一系列相互关联的社会科学项目，这些项目考察了1930-1970年墨西哥和美国的种族差异的性质、突出程度及其与贫困的关系。这项研究追踪了科学家，主要是人类学家，他们实施了研究项目，并探索了他们用来对个人和群体进行分类的方法。它还询问了资助这些项目的政府和私人机构是如何制定研究议程的。我的研究揭示了科学的国际化，以及学者们将基于种族的政策与阶级的关系概念化的不同方式。该项目绘制了科学家之间跨越国界的关系，他们获得资源的机会，以及他们塑造研究议程的能力。它显示了知识从南到北以及从北到南的传播，并揭示了拉丁美洲知识分子窃取和改编思想的不为人知的创造力。然而，南北权力的差异往往导致美国学者将拉美社会科学视为衍生品。这项研究通过考察科学家是否认为种族是生物的还是文化的；他们认为种族在身体和精神上的表现是什么；他们是否认为种族差异是表面的还是根深蒂固的个人本质；以及他们是否认为种族差异主要是由社会化或经济结构决定的，从而为种族学术做出了贡献。种族是什么时候被学者引用的？种族分类的目的是什么？种族或阶级的定义在不同的国家背景下和随着时间的推移发生了怎样的变化？这项研究的基础是阅读关键文本和档案研究，以追踪学者的机构和个人网络。它将使用二次来源来确定著名作者所引用的社会科学文献。二次著作、发表的论文和档案收藏将有助于在学者之间建立以前不为人知的联系，以及机构联系和研究资金的作用。

This research analyzes a set of interconnected social science projects that examined the nature of racial difference, its salience, and its relation to poverty in Mexico and the United States, 1930-1970. The research tracks the scientists, mainly anthropologists, who carried out the research projects and explores the methods they used to categorize individuals and groups. It also ask how research agendas were shaped by the government and private agencies that funded the projects. My research sheds light on the internationalization of science and on the differing ways scholars conceptualized the relation of race-based policies to class.The project charts the relations between scientists across national borders, their access to resources, and their ability to shape research agendas. It shows that knowledge travelled from South to North as well as from North to South, and reveals the unacknowledged creativity with which Latin American intellectuals appropriated and adapted ideas. Yet differences in power between North and South often led U.S. scholars to view Latin American social science as derivative. The research contributes to scholarship on race by examining whether scientists conceived of race as biological or cultural; what they identified as its bodily and mental manifestations; whether they saw racial differences as superficial or deeply engrained in individual essences; and whether they saw it as shaped primarily by socialization or economic structures. When was race was invoked by scholars? To what ends were racial categorizations put? And how did definitions of race or class change in distinct national contexts and over time? The research is grounded in reading of key texts and in archival research to track the institutional and personal networks of scholars. It will use secondary sources to identify the social science literatures on which prominent authors drew. Secondary works, published papers, and archival collections will help establish previously unknown connections among scholars and the role of institutional connections and funding on research.