Race, Poverty, and Science in Mexico and the United States, 1930-1970

本研究分析了一系列相互关联的社会科学项目，这些项目考察了1930-1970年间墨西哥和美国种族差异的本质、显著性及其与贫困的关系。这项研究追踪了执行研究项目的科学家，主要是人类学家，并探索了他们用于对个人和群体进行分类的方法。它还询问了资助项目的政府和私人机构是如何塑造研究议程的。我的研究揭示了科学的国际化，以及学者们对种族政策与阶级关系的不同概念。该项目绘制了跨越国界的科学家之间的关系、他们对资源的获取以及他们塑造研究议程的能力。它显示了知识从南方传播到北方以及从北方传播到南方，并揭示了拉丁美洲知识分子挪用和改编思想的未被承认的创造力。然而，南北之间的权力差异往往导致美国学者将拉丁美洲的社会科学视为衍生品。这项研究通过检验科学家是否将种族视为生物的或文化的，为种族学术研究做出了贡献；他们认为是它的身体和精神表现；他们认为种族差异是肤浅的，还是深深根植于个人本质；以及他们是否认为它主要是由社会化或经济结构形成的。什么时候学者们提到了种族？种族分类的目的是什么？种族或阶级的定义在不同的国家背景和时间里是如何变化的？该研究以阅读关键文本和档案研究为基础，以跟踪学者的机构和个人网络。它将使用二手资源来识别著名作者所引用的社会科学文献。二手著作、发表的论文和档案收藏将有助于建立学者之间以前未知的联系，以及机构联系和研究资金的作用。

This research analyzes a set of interconnected social science projects that examined the nature of racial difference, its salience, and its relation to poverty in Mexico and the United States, 1930-1970. The research tracks the scientists, mainly anthropologists, who carried out the research projects and explores the methods they used to categorize individuals and groups. It also ask how research agendas were shaped by the government and private agencies that funded the projects. My research sheds light on the internationalization of science and on the differing ways scholars conceptualized the relation of race-based policies to class.The project charts the relations between scientists across national borders, their access to resources, and their ability to shape research agendas. It shows that knowledge travelled from South to North as well as from North to South, and reveals the unacknowledged creativity with which Latin American intellectuals appropriated and adapted ideas. Yet differences in power between North and South often led U.S. scholars to view Latin American social science as derivative. The research contributes to scholarship on race by examining whether scientists conceived of race as biological or cultural; what they identified as its bodily and mental manifestations; whether they saw racial differences as superficial or deeply engrained in individual essences; and whether they saw it as shaped primarily by socialization or economic structures. When was race was invoked by scholars? To what ends were racial categorizations put? And how did definitions of race or class change in distinct national contexts and over time? The research is grounded in reading of key texts and in archival research to track the institutional and personal networks of scholars. It will use secondary sources to identify the social science literatures on which prominent authors drew. Secondary works, published papers, and archival collections will help establish previously unknown connections among scholars and the role of institutional connections and funding on research.