Collaborative Research: The Effects Of Broad-Scale Climate Variability on Evolutionary Pattern: Comparative Tempo and Mode in Cretaceous and Neogene Marine Molluscs.

大尺度气候变率对白垩纪和新近纪海洋软体动物进化模式的影响。技术描述：本研究旨在解决古生物学研究中的一个核心问题：进化的速度和模式是如何变化的？尽管这个问题已经争论了几十年，但这项研究超越了以前的方法，因为它的重点是测试整体古气候状态是否？绿色气候和冰窖气候有什么不同？与不同气候阶段相关的伴随环境变化速率对演化的速率和模式起调节作用。这是建立在谢尔顿的基础上？S (1996) ？加上a的变化？表明环境变异率影响进化反应的模型。为了验证这个包罗万象的假设，将从温室（晚白垩纪）和冰窖间隔（新近纪）收集数据。更具体地说，我们将采样北美西部内陆海道（WIS）的坎帕尼亚-马斯垂克单元以及佛罗里达州中新世-更新世单元。分析将集中在与白垩纪祖先和新近纪后代有相对密切关系的各种软体动物谱系上，如lucinid， nucleus和venerid双壳类以及naticid和turritellid腹足类。收集到的标本将使用传统的尺寸测量和形状分析来研究研究区间内形态变化的本质。此外，为了研究地层结构对记录演化模式的影响，我们还将研究WIS中相同的白垩纪分类群，WIS是一个具有相对连续沉积的前陆盆地，而美国墨西哥湾沿岸则是一个具有更多沉积断裂的被动边缘环境。更广泛的意义和重要性：自从达尔文首次发表了他的著作，将自然选择确立为产生进化变化的重要机制以来，进化的时间（节奏）和性质（模式）一直是众多研究的持久主题。这个问题的争议性随着？间断平衡?该研究启动了一系列研究，以检查不同群体的变化。这项研究建立在之前那些研究的基础上，但通过关注环境变化的速度是否会影响进化反应的性质，为节奏和模式的研究增加了一个新的维度。从智力上讲，这一提议的更广泛意义在于，这是第一个专门研究不同气候模式对生物进化反应影响的研究。此外，鉴于这项研究的多学科性质，pi将积极参与培训本科生和研究生，以广泛的地质方法收集和分析数据。最后，该项目涉及研究型大学和地球博物馆之间的协同作用，这将扩大传播结果及其影响的场所，并将其作为向公众展示科学进化辩论证据的手段。

Collaborative Research: The Effects Of Broad-Scale Climate Variability on Evolutionary Pattern: Comparative Tempo and Mode in Cretaceous and Neogene Marine Molluscs.Technical Description:This study aims to address a central question in paleobiologic research: how variable is evolutionary tempo and mode? Although the issue has been debated for several decades, this study goes beyond earlier approaches in that it is focused on testing whether overall paleoclimatic regime ? the differences between green- and icehouse climates ? and the concomitant rates of environmental change associated with different climate phases play a role in regulating the rate and pattern of evolution. This builds on Sheldon?s (1996) ?plus ça change? model that suggests that the rate of environmental variability influences the evolutionary response. To test this over-arching hypothesis, data will be gathered from a greenhouse (the Late Cretaceous) as well as icehouse intervals (the Neogene). More specifically, we will sample Campanian-Maastrichtian units in the North American Western Interior Seaway (WIS) as well as the Miocene-Pleistocene units of Florida. The analyses will focus on various molluscan lineages that have relatively closely related Cretaceous ancestors and Neogene descendents, such as lucinid, nuculid, and venerid bivalves as well as naticid and turritellid gastropods. The collected specimens will be analyzed using traditional size measurements as well as shape analysis to investigate the nature of morphologic change through the intervals studied. Furthermore, to investigate the effects that stratigraphic architecture may have on the manner in which evolutionary patterns are recorded in the record, we will also examine the same Cretaceous taxonomic groups in the WIS, a foreland basin with relatively continuous sedimentation, with coeval deposits in the US Gulf Coast, a passive-margin setting with substantially more sedimentary breaks. Broader Significance and Importance:Since Darwin first published his opus that established natural selection as a prominent mechanism for producing evolutionary change, the timing (tempo) and nature (mode) of evolution has remained a persistent theme of numerous studies. The contentiousness of the issue came to the forefront with the advent of ?punctuated equilibrium?, which initiated a range of studies into examining changes in various groups. This study builds on those previous ones, but adds a new dimension to the study of tempo and mode by focusing on whether or not the rate of environmental change can influence the nature of the evolutionary response. Intellectually, the broader significance of this proposal is that this is the first study to specifically examine the influence of different climate modes on the biotas evolutionary response. Furthermore, given the multidisciplinary nature of this study, the PIs will be actively engaged in training undergraduate and graduate students in a broad spectrum of geologic approaches to collecting and analyzing data. Finally, the project involves the synergy between research universities and the Museum of the Earth, which will broaden the venues through which the results and its implications can be disseminated and used as an means of presenting evidence of the scientific evolution debate to the public.