Collaborative Research: Pedogenic fractionation of Fe and Mo isotopes: The role of soil redox status, organic matter and Fe-(oxyhydr)oxide composition

本项目研究铁（Fe）和钼（Mo）的天然同位素在土壤中的行为。铁和钼的个别同位素的质量差异赋予它们的行为微小的变化。实验室实验表明，土壤中同位素行为的这些变化的方向和幅度与土壤有机质的存在、土壤中铁矿物的组成和土壤氧状态相关的特定地球化学过程有关。然而，这些同位素的实地测量在土壤中是非常有限的，这种知识的差距是一个关键的障碍，开发它们作为土壤地球化学过程的诊断指标的方式类似于碳，氧，氮同位素是常用的。例如，铁和钼同位素在确定土壤对气候、植被类型和含水量变化的过去反应方面具有很大的前景。我们的实地测量将在夏威夷群岛自然存在的土壤年龄和气候（夏威夷气候年龄矩阵）的严格约束梯度上进行。夏威夷群岛是土壤研究的理想天然实验室，因为它们与世隔绝，所有岛屿都有类似的玄武岩土壤母质。在本研究项目中，我们将：（1）建立整个夏威夷气候年龄矩阵的Fe和Mo同位素变化范围;（2）使用先进的分子尺度技术表征Fe矿物的组成;（3）建立有机质，Fe矿物和土壤氧化还原状态（水和氧含量）对Fe和Mo同位素变化的相对影响。除了开发一种新的同位素探针的关键土壤过程，我们的工作将提供详细的知识的Fe固相组成的夏威夷气候年龄矩阵网站，这将有利于正在进行的生态和地球科学研究在这些网站。它还将提供约束的基准同位素组成的Fe和Mo流出陆地风化的河流和海洋沉积物，这是至关重要的使用这些同位素来解释过去的氧化还原状态的古海洋沉积物。最后，这项工作将在三年赠款期内培训两名研究生和两名本科生，并每年为三名来自条件较差的高中的学生提供暑期研究经验。

This project investigates the behavior of the natural isotopes of iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) in soils. Differences in the mass of individual isotopes of Fe and Mo confer small variations in their behavior. Laboratory experiments suggest the direction and magnitude of these variations in isotope behavior in soils are tied to specific biogeochemical processes associated with the presence of soil organic matter, the composition of Fe minerals in the soil, and the soil oxygen status. However, field measurements of these isotopes are extremely limited in soils and this knowledge gap is a key barrier for developing them as diagnostic indicators of soil biogeochemical processes in ways similar to how carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen isotopes are commonly used. For instance, Fe and Mo isotopes hold great promise for determining past responses of soils to changes in climate, vegetation type, and water content. Our field measurements will be made across well-constrained gradients in soil age and climate that naturally exist across the Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiian Climate-Age Matrix). The Hawaiian Islands are an ideal natural laboratory for soil research because of their extreme isolation and a similar basaltic soil parent material across all the islands. In this research project we will: (1) establish the range of Fe and Mo isotopic variation across the Hawaiian Climate-Age Matrix; (2) characterize the composition of Fe minerals using advanced molecular-scale techniques; and (3) establish the relative influence of organic matter, Fe minerals and soil redox status (water and oxygen content) on Fe and Mo isotopic variation. In addition to developing a new isotopic probe of key soil processes, our work will provide detailed knowledge of the Fe solid-phase composition of the Hawaiian Climate-Age Matrix sites, which will benefit ongoing ecological and earth science research at those sites. It will also provide constraints on the baseline isotopic composition of Fe and Mo efflux from terrestrial weathering to rivers and oceanic sediments, which is critical for the use of these isotopes to interpret the past redox status of ancient marine sediments. Lastly, this work will train two graduate students and two undergraduate students over the three-year grant period as well as provide summer research experiences for three students each year from disadvantaged high schools.