Cross-border interactions and transnational identities.

根据交易一体化理论，可以认为欧洲社会一体化是由欧洲人的跨国实践和经验促成的。按照这一模式，研究小组“横向欧洲化”的分项目4调查欧盟公民的跨界做法和态度，以发现欧洲在多大程度上确立了自己作为相对于国家和地球仪的社区化和社会化中心的地位。在整个项目的第一阶段，使用调查数据分析了来自欧盟27国的欧洲人的跨国做法和态度的流行程度、社会分层和社会决定因素（大部分来自欧洲晴雨表系列）。虽然在项目第一阶段对个别跨国化采用了比较的观点，但现在转向了关系，在项目第二阶段采用网络分析方法。第二阶段的主要目标是研究和解释欧洲社区化（通过相互认识和态度）和社会化（通过跨境人员和通信交流）。将利用社会网络分析方法，根据二元数据对跨国化和欧洲化进行差别更大的调查，研究欧洲人跨界交易网络的性质。随着时间的推移，跨国和欧洲的做法和态度的发展，欧洲社会空间的内部结构（例如中心-边缘关系），以及金融危机对欧洲跨国社会化和社区化的影响构成了该项目的主要焦点。

ln accordance with transactional integration theory one can presume that European social integration is fostered by the transnational practices and experiences of Europeans. Following this paradigm, sub-project 4 of the Research Group "Horizontal Europeanization" investigates the cross-border practices and attitudes of EU-citizens to discover in how far Europe has established itself as a locus of communalization (Vergemeinschaftung) and societization (Vergesellschaftung) relative to the nation and the globe. Throughout the first project phase, the prevalence, the social stratification, and the social determinants of transnational practices and attitudes of Europeans from the EU-27 countries were analyzed using survey data (mostly from the Eurobarometer series).While having employed a comparative perspective towards individual transnationalization during the first project phase, there is a shift towards a relational, network-analytic approach in the second project phase. The key objective of the second phase is to examine and explain European communalization (via mutual awareness and attitudes) and societization (via cross-border exchanges of people and communication). Using social network analysis methodology, which allows for a much more differentiated investigation of transnationalization and Europeanization on the basis of dyadic data, the nature of cross-border transaction networks of Europeans will be studied. The development of transnational and European practices and attitudes over time, the inner structure of the European social space (e.g. center-periphery relations), and the influence of the financial crisis on transnational societization and communalization in Europe constitute the main foci of the project.