Collaborative Research: Programming with Crowds: Models and Tools for General Purpose Crowdsourcing

众包是一种强大的方式，可以将大量人的小贡献整合起来，解决现实世界的问题。成功的案例包括对火星表面的陨石坑进行分类（ClickWorker），对图像进行标记（ESP游戏，现在是Google Image Labeler），以及任务市场（亚马逊的Mechanical Turk）。该项目朝着众包的愿景发展，将其扩展到支持复杂，创造性和相互依赖的任务，并将其嵌入到计算系统中作为我们日常生活的一部分。该项目将侧重于复杂的众包的两个应用领域：科学新闻和软件开发，其智力价值包括发现关于如何模拟在线群体行为的新科学知识，以及开发新方法和工具，将群体用作计算机系统设计的一部分，特别是用于复杂的、相互依赖的、真实的时间工作。该项目还将表明，这些方法可以用于现实世界的问题。潜在的更广泛的影响包括与这两个应用领域具体有关的影响，这些影响可能对社会产生重大影响。众包科学新闻将使公民直接参与科学传播过程，使公众更容易获得科学信息，并提高对科学和科学进程的认识。众包软件开发可以改变软件的创建方式，降低开源软件开发的障碍并扩大参与，帮助更多的人使用和提高他们的编程技能。其他影响将来自研究人员的计划，即共享他们开发的基础设施，以促进许多其他领域的复杂众包。他们还计划将他们的研究成果融入本科课程。

Crowdsourcing is a powerful way to marshal small contributions from large numbers of people to solve real-world problems. Success stories range from classifying craters on Mars' surface (ClickWorker) to labeling images (the ESP Game, now Google Image Labeler) to task marketplaces (Amazon's Mechanical Turk). This project moves towards a vision of crowdsourcing that extends it to support complex, creative, and interdependent tasks, and embeds it into computing systems as part of our everyday lives. The project will focus on two application areas for complex crowdsourcing: science journalism and software development.The intellectual merits of the project include the uncovering of new scientific knowledge about how to model online crowd behavior, and the development of new methods and tools for using crowds as part of computer system designs, particularly for complex, interdependent, real time work. The project will also show that these methods can be used for real-world problems. The potential broader impacts include those specifically having to do with the two application areas, which could have significant impacts on society. Crowdsourcing science journalism will directly involve citizens in the process of science dissemination, making scientific information more accessible to the general public, and promoting greater awareness of science and the scientific process. Crowdsourcing software development can transform the way that software is created, lowering barriers and broadening participation in open source software development, and helping larger masses of people use and improve their programming skills. Other impacts will flow from the researchers' plans to publically share the infrastructure that they develop to facilitate complex crowdsourcing in many other areas. They also plan to integrate their research results into undergraduate courses.