Collaborative Research: Housing Status and Life Course after Privatization in Russia

俄罗斯民营化后的住房状况与生命历程本研究考察民营化是否存在以及如何存在？住房状况?（数量、质量和任期）影响社会经济不平等、家庭形成和解体以及主观看法和看法。社会科学家观察到，住房的各个方面可能直接影响诸如儿童的教育和职业成就、结婚率、同居率、离婚率和生育率、感知安全性、幸福感、生活满意度和政治态度等结果。但我们不知道住房是否对这些结果有独立的因果关系，因为家庭以非随机的方式获得住房：影响住房获取的相同变量（如家庭财富和收入）也影响教育程度、结婚率和幸福感。换句话说，住房可能是内生的结果，它据称塑造。该项目利用了当代俄罗斯提供的机会来研究住房的因果关系。在苏联体制下，住房分配是根据家庭结构、年龄和工作年资等标准，而不是财富和收入。当苏联解体时，住房存量被私有化，方法是简单地给予居民住房的产权。这种私有化有效地锁定了苏联时期非市场住房分配的地位。随后，主要由于资金限制，俄罗斯的房地产市场没有发展起来。因此，今天住房状况的分配仍然主要基于苏联时代的标准，而不是市场原则，这给了我们一个独特的机会来研究住房状况是否以及如何对生命历程的结果产生独立的因果影响。为了利用这个机会，调查人员将对32-55岁的俄罗斯城市居民、他们的配偶或同居伴侣以及他们的一些父母进行一项创新调查。这群人在苏联解体前后（1991年12月）经历了向青年和中年过渡的关键时期，此时住房问题最为重要。该调查将获得焦点调查对象及其配偶/伴侣从1991年到2012年的完整住房史（包括每套住房及其获得方式的广泛信息）、教育、家庭结构、就业、伴侣关系和生育史、家庭背景特征、子女教育、一系列态度测量和其他相关信息。最后，他们将对25%的焦点受访者的父母进行调查，以验证回顾性住房历史的准确性并收集更多信息。从理论上讲，拟议的研究通过概念化家庭之间和家庭内部住房状况的多个维度，将它们与各种具体结果联系起来，并明确处理因果推理问题，所有这些都在一个综合框架内，开辟了新天地。根据经验，调查人员将进行前所未有的统计分析，比以前的研究更严格地评估住房的影响。该项目将在对俄罗斯住房影响的社会科学理解方面取得重大进展，这反过来将大大提高对住房如何在其他国家环境中发挥作用的认识。更广泛的影响。这项调查在全面衡量个人和家庭住房状况以及假定住房会影响的结果和行为方面将是独一无二的。由此产生的数据文件将向公众开放，从而为住房研究人员增加了一个重要的新资源。调查人员将撰写方法学论文，分析回顾性住房历史的可靠性，并就住房调查研究方法中的最佳实践吸取经验教训。这项研究产生的实质性发现将有助于俄罗斯国内外的政策制定者制定有效的政策，以促进住房对不平等、人口变化和社会福祉的积极影响，并改善其消极影响。调查人员将在一系列政策备忘录中报告他们的研究对政策的影响。

Housing Status and Life Course after Privatization in RussiaThis study examines whether and how ?housing status? (quantity, quality, and tenure) influences socioeconomic inequality, family formation and dissolution, and subjective perceptions and outlook. Social scientists observe that aspects of housing may directly shape outcomes such as the educational and occupational attainment of children, rates of marriage, cohabitation, divorce, and childbearing, and perceived security, happiness, life satisfaction, and political attitudes. But we do not know whether housing has independent causal effects on these outcomes because households obtain housing in a non-random manner: the same variables (such as family wealth and income) that affect access to housing also shape educational attainment, marriage rates, and happiness. In other words, housing may be endogenous to the outcomes it purportedly shapes. The project takes advantage of the opportunity that contemporary Russia offers to study the causal effects of housing. Under the Soviet system housing was allocated based on criteria like household structure, age, and seniority at work, not wealth and income. When the Soviet Union collapsed, housing stock was privatized by simply giving residents property rights to their dwellings. This privatization effectively locked-in the non-market distribution of housing status from the Soviet period. Subsequently, housing markets have not developed in Russia, due to mainly capital constraints. Thus, the distribution of housing status today is still based largely on Soviet-era criteria rather than market principles, giving us a unique opportunity to study whether and how housing status exerts independent causal effects on life course outcomes.To take advantage of this opportunity, the investigators will conduct an innovative survey of Russian urbanites ages 32-55, their spouses or cohabiting partners, and some of their parents. This cohort passed through crucial transitions to young and middle adulthood, when housing matters most, just before or after the collapse of the Soviet Union (in December 1991). The survey will obtain complete housing histories of focal respondents and their spouses/partners from 1991 (including extensive information on each dwelling lived in and how it was obtained) through 2012, education, household structure, employment, partnership, and childbearing histories, family background characteristics, the education of their children, a range of attitude measures, and other relevant information. Finally, they will survey the parents of 25% of focal respondents to verify the accuracy of retrospective housing histories and collect more information. Theoretically, the proposed research breaks new ground by conceptualizing the multiple dimensions of housing status both between and within households, relating them to a variety of specific outcomes, and dealing explicitly with issues of causal inference, all within an integrated framework. Empirically, the investigators will conduct unprecedented statistical analyses that assess the effects of housing more rigorously than has been possible in prior studies. The project will produce a major advance in social scientific understanding of the effects of housing in Russia, which in turn will dramatically improve knowledge about how housing might function in other national contexts. Broader impact. The survey will be unique in terms of its comprehensive measures of individual- and household-level housing status and of the outcomes and behaviors that housing is hypothesized to influence. The resulting data file will be available to the public, thereby adding a vital new resource for housing researchers. The investigators will write methodological papers analyzing the reliability of retrospective housing histories and drawing lessons regarding best practices in the methodology for survey research on housing. The substantive findings produced by the study will help policymakers, both within and outside Russia, craft effective policies to promote the positive and ameliorate the negative effects of housing on inequality, demographic change, and the well-being of their societies. The investigators will report on the policy implications of their studies in a series of policy memos.