CULTURAL PERSISTENCE AND RESISTANCE AT THE EDGE OF SALADO

在国家科学基金会的支持下，沙漠考古中心的威廉·多勒博士将研究是什么减缓或阻止了一种流行意识形态的传播。以前的沙漠考古中心（CDA）的研究重点是检测和评估在欧洲人到达新大陆之前从北部到西南南部的Kayenta移民的影响。卡耶塔移民是一个强大的少数民族，有着强烈的身份认同和具有传染性的意识形态，然而这种意识形态和考古学家称之为“萨拉多”的新身份的传播是有限的。以前的CDA研究已经成功地确定了采用这些新想法的地方团体，但现在的问题是：为什么一些地方团体对Salado说不？虽然研究的重点是单一的考古现象，但这项研究很重要，因为这个案例研究有可能为了解世界上许多地区许多时期的文化接触情况提供洞见。由于时间顺序的深度提供了这样的考古实例，使研究人员能够在相当长的一段时间内跟踪过程。通过利用关于传统和/或土著群体抵抗外部影响的人类学文献，本研究探索了两种可能的答案：1)当地群体可能足够孤立或边缘化，以至于他们与新意识形态的传播者接触有限；当地团体可能会在不同程度上抵制可能与自己的意识形态相冲突的新意识形态的入侵。本研究从现代国家社会的案例研究中获得见解和模型，同时仔细考虑了规模差异和质量差异。它支持那些认为人类学必须具有广泛的比较性和概括性的人。该项目考察了Salado核心南缘以外的当地群体。至少他们中的一些人继续实践着古老的传统，较少受到14世纪早期导致萨拉多形成的戏剧性社会变革的影响。研究小组将沿着亚利桑那州南部穿越这一边界的三条研究横断面测量暴露强度和抵抗力。据预测，沿着这些横断面向外移动将显示出更多的阻力和/或更少的萨拉多意识形态。当地团体视Kayenta移民及其意识形态为一种威胁，并以不同方式抵制文化杂交。我们将利用现有的博物馆藏品和从有限的挖掘中获得的样本来探索每个样带的变化。与来自Tohono O'odham民族的经验丰富的文化专家团队的研究合作提供了一个独特的机会，超越考古方法来检查文化杂交的过程。拟议的研究在理论和实质性基础上都取得了进展，因为它促进了广泛的比较人类学学科。例如，他者的概念在当今全球化的世界中具有高度相关性。这项研究还探讨了现代美洲原住民社区的历史，并揭示了西南南部接触前人口急剧下降的情况。批评性话语分析的研究工作总是旨在使多个受众受益和共享。该项目具有重大的教育影响，与考古遗址保护计划联系在一起，并延伸到当地社区。Tohono O'odham博物馆的后裔社区合作者对这个项目充满热情，他们在声明中表示：“虽然博物馆有望承载国家的遗产，但我们希望这个项目能够帮助重新点燃长老、讲故事者、历史学家和活动家之间关于当前宗教诚信与祖先习俗的讨论。”

With National Science Foundation support Dr. William Doelle from the Center for Desert Archaeology will examine the question of what slows or halts the spread of a popular ideology. Previous Center for Desert Archaeology (CDA) research has focused on detecting and assessing the impact of Kayenta migration from the northern to the southern Southwest in the period just prior to the arrival of Europeans in the New World. Kayenta immigrants were a powerful minority with a strong identity and contagious ideology, yet there were limits to the spread of this ideology and the new identity that archaeologists label "Salado." Previous CDA studies have successfully identified local groups who adopted these new ideas, but now the question is: Why did some local groups say no to Salado? Although the focus is on a single archaeological phenomenon the research is important because this case study has the potential to provide insight into culture contact situations from many time periods in many parts of the world. Because of the chronological depth provided such archaeological examples allow researchers to follow processes over considerable periods of time.By tapping anthropological literature on resistance to external influence by traditional and/or indigenous groups, this research explores two possible answers: 1) Local groups may be sufficiently isolated or marginal that they have limited contact with the purveyors of the new ideology; 2) Local groups may resist at varying degrees of intensity the incursion of new ideologies that might conflict with their own. This research derives insights and models from case studies from modern state societies while carefully considering differences of scale as well as qualitative differences. It sides with those who argue that anthropology must be broadly comparative and generalizing.This project examines local groups outside the southern margin of the Salado core. At least some of them continued to practice older traditions and were less affected by the dramatic social changes of the early 14th century that led to the formation of the Salado. The research team will measure the intensity of exposure and resistance along three research transects in southern Arizona that traverse this boundary. It is predicted that moving outward along these transects will reveal more resistance and/or less exposure to Salado ideology. Local groups perceived Kayenta immigrants and their ideology variably as a threat and resisted cultural hybridization in different ways. This variability along each transect will be explored using existing museum collections and samples obtained from limited excavation. Research collaboration with an experienced team of cultural specialists from the Tohono O'odham Nation provides a unique opportunity to move beyond archaeological methods to examine the process of cultural hybridization.The proposed research makes advances on both theoretical and substantive grounds as it promotes a broadly comparative anthropological discipline. For example, the concept of the Other, is highly relevant in today's globalized world. This research also addresses the history of modern Native American communities and sheds light on the dramatic pre-contact population decline in the southern Southwest. CDA research efforts are always designed to benefit and be shared with multiple audiences. This project has a substantial educational impact, is tied to a program of archaeological site protection, and reaches out to local communities. Descendant community collaborators at the Tohono O'odham Museum are enthusiastic about this project as indicated in this statement: "While the Museum is expected to carry the Nation's legacy, we hope that this project will help rekindle a discussion on current religious integrity versus ancestral practices among elders, storytellers, historians, and activists."