Development and Validation of Performance Based Design Procedures for Kinematic Loading of Pile Foundations During Lateral Spreading

在大多数大地震事件中，松散饱和砂土的液化会对建筑物、交通系统和生命线造成重大破坏。 液化通常会导致横向扩散，这往往会影响桥梁和港口，在救援工作和震后恢复最需要这些关键的交通联系时破坏它们。 尽管在过去的20年里，在理解横向扩展和桩反应的力学方面取得了重大进展，但校准和验证工作主要限于小规模的离心试验和地震期间的一组非常小的现场案例。 为了在工程实践中获得广泛的认可，这些方法现在需要使用有据可查的案例历史进行校准或验证，这些案例历史涉及全尺寸结构，例如2010年智利Mw8.8 Maule地震期间受损的结构。 作为本研究的一部分，将在2010年智利马乌莱地震期间因横向扩展而遭受不同程度损坏的三个桥墩现场进行岩土工程现场调查，包括钻孔、标准贯入试验和地震CPT测深，以开发和记录新的横向扩展案例。 来自这些新案例的数据，包括岩土工程特性、桥墩上部结构和基础设计计划以及地震性能数据，将在杨百翰大学和GEER网站上发布，供地震灾害社区访问。 根据新的横向扩展实例历史的开发和记录，将采用传统的确定性方法计算每个实例历史的自由场横向扩展位移沿着随桩基位移和旋转。 将与测量的现场性能进行比较，并将评估程序中可能的变化，以提高对这一大震级事件的一致性。 最后，一个概率性能设计（PBD）程序将被开发和使用，以计算自由场横向扩展位移和桩位移作为一个函数的年增长率。 智利天主教大学的合作者将协助实地工作，并进行他们独立开发的并行概率程序。 这项研究的技术影响包括：（1）从一个大规模地震的横向传播案例历史，这是在大多数横向传播数据库缺乏汇编新的;（2）确定性和性能的开发和校准-基于桩在横向扩展土壤中的设计程序，有可能在发生以下情况时显著减少对社会的损害和随后的经济损失地震（3）在地震发生期间，提高生命线的可靠性，从而减少直接和间接损失;（4）使用本研究中开发的经过验证和校准的程序，将减少不必要的缓解成本，同时确保满足安全和规范性能要求。 这项研究的更广泛的影响和教育效益包括：（1）通过已建立的网站，为全世界的研究人员提供有据可查的案例历史，（2）通过研究合作和在圣地亚哥举行的地震研讨会，向智利工程师转让基于性能的设计方法的技术，（3）与研究生和本科生研究生的指导活动，以及（4）通过杨百翰大学的轻木桥测试项目向高中生推广。

Liquefaction of loose saturated sands results in significant damage to buildings, transportation systems and lifelines in most large earthquake events. Liquefaction commonly leads to lateral spreading which often impacts bridges and ports, damaging these critical transportation links at a time when they are most needed for rescue efforts and post-earthquake recovery. Despite significant advancements in understanding the mechanics of lateral spreading and pile response during the past 20 years, calibration and verification efforts have largely been restricted to small-scale centrifuge tests and a very small set of field case histories during earthquakes. To gain widespread acceptance in engineering practice, these methods now need to be calibrated or verified using well-documented case histories involving full-scale structures such as those damaged during the Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake in 2010. As part of this study, a geotechnical site investigation consisting of drill holes, SPT tests, and seismic CPT soundings will be performed at three pier sites that experienced various levels of damage from lateral spreading during the 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake in order to develop and document new lateral spreading case histories. The data from these new case histories, including geotechnical properties, pier superstructure and foundation design plans, and earthquake performance data will then be published on BYU and GEER web sites for access by the earthquake hazard community. Following the development and documentation of the new lateral spreading case histories, conventional deterministic methods will be employed to compute free-field lateral spread displacements along with pile foundation displacement and rotation for each case history. Comparisons will be made with measured field performance and possible variations in the procedure will be evaluated to improve agreement for this large magnitude event. Finally, a probabilistic performance-based design (PBD) procedure will be developed and employed to compute the free-field lateral spread displacements and pile displacement as a function of annual rate of exceedance. Collaborators at the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile will assist in field work and conduct parallel probabilistic procedures which they have developed independently. The technical impact of this study includes: (1) the compilation of new lateral spread case histories from a large-magnitude earthquake, for which there is a scarcity in most lateral spreading databases; (2) the development and calibration of deterministic and performance-based design procedures for piles in laterally spreading soil that have the potential to significantly reduce damage and subsequent economic losses to society in the event of an earthquake; (3) improvement in the reliability of lifelines during seismic events that will reduce both direct and indirect losses; and (4) use of the verified and calibrated procedures developed in this study will reduce unnecessary mitigation costs, while assuring that safety and code performance requirements are satisfied. The broader impacts and educational benefits of this study include: (1) the development of well-documented case histories available to researchers world-wide through the established web sites, (2) technology transfer of performance based design methods to Chilean engineers through research collaboration and a earthquake seminar in Santiago, (3) mentoring activities with graduate and undergraduate research students, and (4) outreach to high school students through the well developed BYU balsa wood bridge testing program.