Collaborative Research: Featuring EarthScope in Coastal Cascadia Earthquake and Tsunami Hazards Education by Linking Teachers, Interpreters, and Emergency Managers

形成太平洋西北部壮观海滩和海角的地质力量，也用地震和海啸威胁着我们的生命和基础设施。该项目名为Cascadia EarthScope、地震和海啸教育计划(CEETEP)，通过为俄勒冈州和华盛顿州沿海社区的K-12教师、公园和博物馆翻译以及应急管理外展专业人员建立协作和专业发展，帮助减轻这些潜在灾难的影响。2011年3月11日摧毁日本的大地震和海啸加剧了公众对我国类似地质灾害的担忧。作为全国性努力的一部分，美国国家科学基金会地球望远镜计划已经部署了数百台地震、GPS和其他地球物理仪器来测量地壳运动并探测卡斯卡迪亚俯冲带沿线的地震。这些仪器为正在进行的研究提供了细节，这些研究表明，沿海地区正在储存能量，这些能量将在下一次卡斯卡迪亚大地震中释放出来，随之而来的海啸将在30分钟或更短的时间内到达岸上。美国国家科学基金会和其他组织编制了一份地球科学素养原则清单，受过教育的公众应该知道和欣赏(http://www.earthscienceliteracy.org).CEETEP通过利用EarthScope的观测和结果，特别有助于向学生和公众传达其中的三个概念：“地球科学家使用可重复的观测和可测试的想法来理解和解释我们的星球”；“地球在不断变化”；以及“自然灾害对人类构成风险”。数以万计的俄勒冈州和华盛顿州居民生活在严重的地震和海啸淹没区域内，每年有数百万游客参观这些地区的州和联邦公园。K-12学校系统的教师向学生传授一些关于地质灾害的基本知识，公园护林员和博物馆教育人员也同样在他们的地点吸引游客。这两个组织有时也会与应急经理合作。CEETEP正在加强这些努力，提供以社区为基础的讲习班，将所有这些专业人员聚集在一起，回顾地震和海啸的基础科学，了解EarthScope和其他监测该地区动态地球的研究工作，并制定方法，让学生和普通公众共同参与减轻沿海地质灾害。来自俄勒冈州立大学、中央华盛顿大学和波特兰大学的地球科学教育工作者参与了CEETEP的工作。从2013年到2015年，在俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的沿海社区举办了大约8个讲习班。参加的K-12教师和公园讲解员正在了解卡斯卡迪亚板块构造、地震和海啸的正在进行的研究，以及EarthScope如何推动有关该地区地质灾害的知识前沿。应急管理外展负责人还就应急准备行动对参与者进行培训。大师提供教学指导和关于评估和互动的想法，而经验丰富的口译员则讨论如何在课堂外的环境中接触到各种受众。教育工作者之间的这种教学交流促进了他们的合作，并帮助他们交流关于卡斯卡迪亚地质灾害的科学和减轻的共同信息。在后续的分享活动中，教师和口译员展示了他们如何将新知识融入到地球科学和应急准备的学习体验中，供K-12学生以及公园和博物馆的游客使用。这个EarthScope教育项目对于促进地质灾害意识文化至关重要，以便美国能够为下一次卡斯卡迪亚大地震和海啸以及来自遥远来源的较小地震和海啸的影响做好准备并减轻其影响。

The same geological forces that form the spectacular beaches and headlands of the Pacific Northwest also threaten our lives and infrastructure with earthquakes and tsunamis. This project, known as the Cascadia EarthScope, Earthquake, and Tsunami Education Program (CEETEP), helps to mitigate the effects of these potential disasters through collaboration building and professional development for K-12 teachers, park and museum interpreters, and emergency management outreach professionals in communities along the Oregon and Washington coast. The March 11, 2011 great earthquake and tsunami that devastated Japan has heightened public concern about similar geologic hazards in our own country. As part of a nationwide effort, the NSF EarthScope Program has been deploying hundreds of seismic, GPS, and other geophysical instruments to measure movement of the Earth's crust and detect earthquakes along the Cascadia Subduction Zone. These instruments provide detail for ongoing research showing that coastal regions are storing energy that will be released in the next great Cascadia earthquake, with the resulting tsunami arriving onshore in 30 minutes or less. NSF and other organizations have compiled a list of Earth Science Literacy Principles that the educated public should know and appreciate (http://www.earthscienceliteracy.org). CEETEP, by drawing on EarthScope observations and results, especially helps to convey three of these concepts to students and the public: "Earth scientists use repeatable observations and testable ideas to understand and explain our planet;" "Earth is continuously changing;" and "Natural hazards pose risks to humans." Tens of thousands of Oregon and Washington residents live within severe earthquake-shaking and tsunami-inundation zones, and millions of tourists visit state and federal parks in these same areas each year. Teachers in the K-12 school systems convey some basics about geological hazards to their students, and park rangers and museum educators likewise engage visitors at their sites. Both of these groups also at times work with emergency managers. CEETEP is strengthening these efforts by providing community-based workshops that bring together all of these professionals to review the basic science of earthquakes and tsunamis, learn about EarthScope and other research efforts that monitor the dynamic Earth in the region, and develop ways to collectively engage students and the general public on the mitigation of coastal geologic hazards. The CEETEP effort involves geoscience educators from Oregon State University, Central Washington University, and the University of Portland. From 2013 to 2015, approximately eight workshops are being conducted in coastal communities of Oregon and Washington. Participating K-12 teachers and park interpreters are learning about ongoing research on Cascadia plate tectonics, earthquakes and tsunamis, and about how EarthScope is advancing frontiers of knowledge about geologic hazards in the region. Emergency management outreach leaders are also training the participants on emergency preparedness actions. Master teachers offer pedagogical guidance and ideas about assessment and interaction, while experienced interpreters discuss how to reach a variety of audiences in settings outside the classroom. This exchange of pedagogies among educators facilitates their collaboration and helps them communicate common messages about the science and mitigation of Cascadia geohazards. In follow-up share-a-thons, the teachers and interpreters showcase how they have crafted their new knowledge into Earth science and emergency preparedness learning experiences for K-12 students and visitors to parks and museums. This EarthScope educational program is critical to promoting a culture of geohazard awareness so America can prepare for and mitigate the effects of the next great Cascadia earthquake and tsunami, as well as smaller earthquakes and tsunami from distant sources.