CAREER: Evolution and Dynamics of the Deep Waters in the Arctic Ocean

与观察到显著变暖和变淡的北冰洋较浅区域形成鲜明对比的是，最深的水域在垂直方向上被强烈的层结隔开，在横向上被洋脊隔开；数百年来，新的水流入实际上无法进入北冰洋深处的部分海域。因此，这些水团的性质可以作为过去气候的有价值的标志，而它们未来的变化将是北极气候转型的令人信服的信号。这项提议试图通过分析现有的数据集和理想化的数值模拟来调查最深水域的起源和历史。这种理解对于理解北冰洋深水如何参与气候变化至关重要。这个项目将解决几个相互关联的观测和动力学问题：是什么制约了深水中热量和盐分的演化？北冰洋的其他部分对深水有何影响？过去是什么海洋条件和机制允许深水的形成，以及什么气候变化可能促使底层水域停止通风？气候系统的这些方面将通过动态过程研究进行研究，这些动态过程研究受制于对系泊仪器和破冰船测量的最新海洋测量的分析。该项目包括一个综合研究、教育和推广计划，实施分层指导方法，为从高中到博士后水平的学者提供北极气候研究方面的经验。教育和外展与耶鲁大学-S完善的科学基础设施之路相结合：将通过讲座和实验室演示向高中生(其中一半以上来自传统上代表性较低的群体)介绍北极气候科学，而研究生将获得教学和指导经验。该项目为适合一系列技能和兴趣的独立气候研究创造了机会，高中生和本科生同时被招募参加暑期研究实习。通过与斯瓦尔巴群岛大学中心(UNIS)的国际伙伴关系，将向本科生和研究生介绍北极环境，通过讲座和参加实地考察学习北极气候系统的基本概念。学生们将在斯瓦尔巴特峡湾部署创新的北极仪器，然后处理和解释测量结果。在耶鲁大学气候与能源研究所(YCEI)和国际北极科学委员会的合作下，一个以拟议研究的中心主题为动机的国际研讨会将汇集一系列学科的研究人员(包括人类学家、古海洋学家和当代气候科学家)，探讨过去数千年来文化与北极气候变化之间的重要关系。

In stark contrast to the shallower regions of the Arctic Ocean, where significant warming and freshening have been observed, the deepest waters are isolated vertically by strong stratification and laterally by ocean ridges; parts of the deep Arctic Ocean have been effectively inaccessible to new water influxes for hundreds of years. As such, the properties of these water masses can be used as valuable markers of past climate, while future changes to them would be compelling signals of an Arctic climate in transition. This proposal seeks to investigate the origins and history of the deepest waters through analysis of existing data sets and idealized numerical modeling. Such understanding is essential to understand how the deep waters of the Arctic Ocean participate in climate change. This project will address several interrelated observational and dynamical questions: What constrains the evolution of heat and salt in the deep water? How is the deep water influenced by the rest of the Arctic Ocean? What past ocean conditions and mechanisms allowed for the formation of the deep water, and what climate shift may have prompted an end to ventilation of the bottom waters? These aspects of the climate system will be investigated by dynamical process studies constrained by analyses of recent ocean measurements from moored instruments and icebreaker surveys.This project comprises an integrated research, education, and outreach program that implements a tiered mentoring approach to provide experience in Arctic climate research for scholars from high school to postdoctoral level. Education and outreach integrates with Yale University?s well-established Pathways to Science infrastructure: high school students (over half of whom are from traditionally underrepresented groups) will be introduced to Arctic climate science through lectures and laboratory demonstrations, while graduate students will receive teaching and mentoring experience. The project generates opportunities for independent climate research appropriate to a range of skillsets and interests, with high school students being recruited concurrently with undergraduate students for summer research internships. Through an international partnership with the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), undergraduate and graduate students will be introduced to the Arctic environment, learning fundamental concepts of the Arctic climate system through lectures and participating in fieldwork. Students will deploy innovative Arctic instrumentation in the fjords of Svalbard and will then process and interpret the measurements. In collaboration with the Yale Climate and Energy Institute (YCEI) and the International Arctic Science Committee, an international workshop, motivated by the central theme of the proposed research, will bring together researchers across a range of disciplines (including anthropologists, paleoceanographers and contemporary climate scientists) to explore the important relationships between culture and Arctic climate change over the past millennia.