CAREER: Evolution and Dynamics of the Deep Waters in the Arctic Ocean

北冰洋较浅的区域出现了显著的变暖和淡化现象，与此形成鲜明对比的是，最深的沃茨在垂直方向上被强烈的分层现象所隔离，在横向上被洋脊所隔离;北冰洋深层的部分地区数百年来实际上已经无法进入新的海水流入。因此，这些水团的性质可以作为过去气候的宝贵标志，而未来的变化将是北极气候转型的有力信号。该提案旨在通过分析现有数据集和理想化的数值模拟来调查最深沃茨的起源和历史。 这种了解对于了解北冰洋深层沃茨如何参与气候变化至关重要。 该项目将解决几个相互关联的观测和动力学问题：是什么限制了深水中热量和盐的演变？北冰洋的其他部分是如何影响深海的？过去的海洋条件和机制允许深水的形成，什么气候变化可能促使底部沃茨通风的结束？气候系统的这些方面将通过动力学过程研究进行调查，并通过分析最近的海洋测量数据（来自系泊仪器和破冰船调查）进行约束。该项目包括一个综合的研究，教育和推广计划，实施分层指导方法，为高中到博士后水平的学者提供北极气候研究的经验。教育和推广与耶鲁大学整合？科学基础设施完善的途径：高中生（其中一半以上来自传统上代表性不足的群体）将通过讲座和实验室演示介绍北极气候科学，而研究生将获得教学和指导经验。该项目为适合各种技能和兴趣的独立气候研究创造了机会，同时招募高中生和本科生进行夏季研究实习。通过与斯瓦尔巴大学中心（UNIS）的国际合作伙伴关系，本科生和研究生将被介绍到北极环境，通过讲座和参加实地考察学习北极气候系统的基本概念。学生将在斯瓦尔巴群岛的峡湾部署创新的北极仪器，然后处理和解释测量结果。与耶鲁大学气候与能源研究所（YCEI）和国际北极科学委员会合作，一个国际研讨会，由拟议研究的中心主题推动，将汇集一系列学科的研究人员（包括人类学家，古海洋学家和当代气候科学家），以探索文化与北极气候变化之间的重要关系在过去的千年。

In stark contrast to the shallower regions of the Arctic Ocean, where significant warming and freshening have been observed, the deepest waters are isolated vertically by strong stratification and laterally by ocean ridges; parts of the deep Arctic Ocean have been effectively inaccessible to new water influxes for hundreds of years. As such, the properties of these water masses can be used as valuable markers of past climate, while future changes to them would be compelling signals of an Arctic climate in transition. This proposal seeks to investigate the origins and history of the deepest waters through analysis of existing data sets and idealized numerical modeling. Such understanding is essential to understand how the deep waters of the Arctic Ocean participate in climate change. This project will address several interrelated observational and dynamical questions: What constrains the evolution of heat and salt in the deep water? How is the deep water influenced by the rest of the Arctic Ocean? What past ocean conditions and mechanisms allowed for the formation of the deep water, and what climate shift may have prompted an end to ventilation of the bottom waters? These aspects of the climate system will be investigated by dynamical process studies constrained by analyses of recent ocean measurements from moored instruments and icebreaker surveys.This project comprises an integrated research, education, and outreach program that implements a tiered mentoring approach to provide experience in Arctic climate research for scholars from high school to postdoctoral level. Education and outreach integrates with Yale University?s well-established Pathways to Science infrastructure: high school students (over half of whom are from traditionally underrepresented groups) will be introduced to Arctic climate science through lectures and laboratory demonstrations, while graduate students will receive teaching and mentoring experience. The project generates opportunities for independent climate research appropriate to a range of skillsets and interests, with high school students being recruited concurrently with undergraduate students for summer research internships. Through an international partnership with the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), undergraduate and graduate students will be introduced to the Arctic environment, learning fundamental concepts of the Arctic climate system through lectures and participating in fieldwork. Students will deploy innovative Arctic instrumentation in the fjords of Svalbard and will then process and interpret the measurements. In collaboration with the Yale Climate and Energy Institute (YCEI) and the International Arctic Science Committee, an international workshop, motivated by the central theme of the proposed research, will bring together researchers across a range of disciplines (including anthropologists, paleoceanographers and contemporary climate scientists) to explore the important relationships between culture and Arctic climate change over the past millennia.