CAREER: Evolution and Dynamics of the Deep Waters in the Arctic Ocean

与北冰洋较浅的区域形成鲜明对比的是，北冰洋较浅的区域已观察到明显的变暖和淡水化，最深的水域在垂直方向上被强烈的层结所隔离，在横向上被海脊所隔离；数百年来，北冰洋深处的部分地区实际上无法接受新的水流入。因此，这些水团的特性可以用作过去气候的宝贵标志，而它们的未来变化将是北极气候转型的引人注目的信号。该提案旨在通过分析现有数据集和理想化数值模型来研究最深水域的起源和历史。 这种了解对于了解北冰洋深水区如何参与气候变化至关重要。 该项目将解决几个相互关联的观测和动力学问题：是什么限制了深水中热量和盐的演化？深水如何受到北冰洋其他部分的影响？过去的哪些海洋条件和机制导致了深水的形成，以及哪些气候变化可能导致了底层水域通风的结束？气候系统的这些方面将通过动力过程研究进行调查，并受到对系泊仪器和破冰船调查的最新海洋测量分析的限制。该项目包括一个综合研究、教育和外展计划，该计划实施分层指导方法，为从高中到博士后水平的学者提供北极气候研究的经验。教育和推广活动与耶鲁大学完善的科学之路基础设施相结合：高中生（其中一半以上来自传统上代表性不足的群体）将通过讲座和实验室演示了解北极气候科学，而研究生将获得教学和指导经验。该项目为适合各种技能和兴趣的独立气候研究提供了机会，同时招募高中生和本科生进行暑期研究实习。通过与斯瓦尔巴群岛大学中心（UNIS）的国际合作，本科生和研究生将了解北极环境，通过讲座和参与实地考察学习北极气候系统的基本概念。学生将在斯瓦尔巴群岛的峡湾部署创新的北极仪器，然后处理和解释测量结果。与耶鲁气候与能源研究所（YCEI）和国际北极科学委员会合作，在拟议研究的中心主题的推动下，将举办一个国际研讨会，将汇集多个学科的研究人员（包括人类学家、古海洋学家和当代气候科学家），探讨过去千年文化与北极气候变化之间的重要关系。

In stark contrast to the shallower regions of the Arctic Ocean, where significant warming and freshening have been observed, the deepest waters are isolated vertically by strong stratification and laterally by ocean ridges; parts of the deep Arctic Ocean have been effectively inaccessible to new water influxes for hundreds of years. As such, the properties of these water masses can be used as valuable markers of past climate, while future changes to them would be compelling signals of an Arctic climate in transition. This proposal seeks to investigate the origins and history of the deepest waters through analysis of existing data sets and idealized numerical modeling. Such understanding is essential to understand how the deep waters of the Arctic Ocean participate in climate change. This project will address several interrelated observational and dynamical questions: What constrains the evolution of heat and salt in the deep water? How is the deep water influenced by the rest of the Arctic Ocean? What past ocean conditions and mechanisms allowed for the formation of the deep water, and what climate shift may have prompted an end to ventilation of the bottom waters? These aspects of the climate system will be investigated by dynamical process studies constrained by analyses of recent ocean measurements from moored instruments and icebreaker surveys.This project comprises an integrated research, education, and outreach program that implements a tiered mentoring approach to provide experience in Arctic climate research for scholars from high school to postdoctoral level. Education and outreach integrates with Yale University?s well-established Pathways to Science infrastructure: high school students (over half of whom are from traditionally underrepresented groups) will be introduced to Arctic climate science through lectures and laboratory demonstrations, while graduate students will receive teaching and mentoring experience. The project generates opportunities for independent climate research appropriate to a range of skillsets and interests, with high school students being recruited concurrently with undergraduate students for summer research internships. Through an international partnership with the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), undergraduate and graduate students will be introduced to the Arctic environment, learning fundamental concepts of the Arctic climate system through lectures and participating in fieldwork. Students will deploy innovative Arctic instrumentation in the fjords of Svalbard and will then process and interpret the measurements. In collaboration with the Yale Climate and Energy Institute (YCEI) and the International Arctic Science Committee, an international workshop, motivated by the central theme of the proposed research, will bring together researchers across a range of disciplines (including anthropologists, paleoceanographers and contemporary climate scientists) to explore the important relationships between culture and Arctic climate change over the past millennia.