Collaborative Research: Crime and Community in a Changing Society, the National Neighborhood Crime Study 2

Lauren KrivoRutgers University SES-1356252新墨西哥大学Maria VelezChristopher Lyons美国最近在全国各地的社区经历了相当大的社会和经济动荡，特别是在本世纪头十年大衰退之前和之后的几年里。失业率上升、贫困和收入不平等加剧、丧失抵押品赎回权的比率高以及房价下跌使社区紧张，加剧了各地区和种族/族裔群体之间的不平等，从而改变了严重犯罪的水平和差距。犯罪的变化反过来可以改变社区的命运，因为团体和机构寻求离开，或者仍然被困在犯罪率较高的地区。然而，在一个不断变化的社会中，缺乏关于社会状况和犯罪相互影响的信息。这项研究将回答两个基本问题：(1)自2000年以来的社会转型如何影响不同社区的犯罪率差异？(2)城市和社区状况的变化，包括种族不平等，在多大程度上是不断演变的犯罪模式的原因和后果？研究小组将收集91个城市9500多个社区2010年的新犯罪数据，并将这些数据与第一波全国社区犯罪研究中2000年的犯罪数据结合起来。关于城市和社区的社会、经济、人口、政治和地理背景的信息将被添加到犯罪数据中，以产生1990年至2010年具有全国代表性的城市社区和犯罪的综合数据库。这些数据将被用来分析最近社会变化对犯罪的影响，以及邻里种族-民族在犯罪方面的差异。他们还将被用来研究犯罪如何塑造美国社区内的社会状况。研究问题将使用统计分析的形式来解决，这些统计分析考虑了社区如何嵌入特定的城市和大都市区，以及彼此邻近的社区可能会如何相互影响。更广泛的影响这项研究在许多重要方面产生了重大的广泛影响。首先，通过揭示社区犯罪率上升的潜在来源，特别是在非白人地区，调查结果将为关于如何让社区更安全的讨论提供信息。其次，收集的数据将公之于众，从而为其他研究人员进一步研究城市和社区的变化提供了前所未有的资源。第三，调查人员将通过雇用代表人数不足的群体的学生从事数据收集和分析工作，加强不同背景学生的培训和职业生涯。第四，该项目将通过为种族、犯罪和司法(目前由国家科学基金会资助的种族民主、犯罪和司法网络)成员提供直接培训和及早获取数据，促进对种族、犯罪和司法(种族民主、犯罪和司法网络)核心利益的不同跨学科学者群体的智力发展。最后，调查人员计划根据关于如何改善社区和城市以提高社区内安全的研究结果，通过在学术会议、学术出版物和与政策制定者的简报中传播理论和实践信息。

SES-1357207Lauren KrivoRutgers UniversitySES-1356252Maria VelezChristopher LyonsUniversity of New MexicoThe United States recently has undergone considerable social and economic upheaval in communities across the country, especially in the years leading up to and following the Great Recession of the 2000s. Rising unemployment, increased poverty and income inequality, high foreclosure rates, and falling home prices have strained communities and exacerbated inequalities across areas and between racial/ethnic groups in ways that should alter levels and disparities in serious crime. Changing crime, in turn, can alter the fate of neighborhoods as groups and institutions seek to leave or instead remain trapped in high crime areas. Yet, there is a lack of information about the influences of societal conditions and crime on each other in a changing society. This research will answer two fundamental questions: (1) how have social transformations since 2000 affected differences across neighborhoods in their levels of crime?; and (2) to what extent are changing city and neighborhood conditions, including race-ethnic inequality, both causes and consequences of evolving crime patterns? The research team will collect new data for 2010 on crime for over 9,500 neighborhoods in 91 cities and combine these with crime data for 2000 from the first wave of the National Neighborhood Crime Study. Information regarding the social, economic, demographic, political and geographic contexts of cities and neighborhoods will be added to the crime data to produce a comprehensive nationally representative database of urban neighborhoods and crime for 1990 to 2010. These data will be used to analyze the consequences of recent societal changes for crime and neighborhood race-ethnic differences in crime. They will also be used to study how crime shapes social conditions within U.S. communities. The research questions will be addressed using forms of statistical analysis that consider how neighborhoods are embedded within a particular city and metropolitan area, and how neighborhoods that are near one another may affect each other. Broader ImpactsThis research has significant broad impacts in a number of important ways. First, by shedding light on the underlying sources of neighborhood vulnerabilities for rising crime, especially in non-White areas, findings will inform discussions about how to make communities safer. Second, the data collected will be made publically available and, thereby, provide an unprecedented resource for other researchers to further study changes in cities and neighborhoods. Third, the investigators will enhance the training and careers of students from diverse backgrounds by employing students from underrepresented groups to work on data collection and analysis. Fourth, the project will contribute to the intellectual development of a diverse interdisciplinary group of scholars with core interests in race, crime, and justice (the Racial Democracy, Crime, and Justice Network currently funded by the National Science Foundation) by providing members of this network with direct training and early access to the data. Finally, the investigators plan to disseminate theoretical and practical information based upon findings about ways to improve neighborhoods and cities to increase safety within communities through presentations at academic conferences, scholarly publications, and briefings with policymakers.