Job Loss and Unemployment: Differing Social and Economic Costs

失业和失业：不同的社会和经济成本

• 批准号: 1357264
• 负责人: Sarah Damaske
• 金额: $ 15.15万
• 依托单位: Pennsylvania State Univ University Park
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-05-15 至 2017-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1357264&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Job; Loss; Unemployment; Differing; Social

SES-1357264Sarah A. DamaskePennsylvania State University, University Park Studies of gender differences in experiences of job loss are almost entirely absent in academic research, but the Great Recession of 2007-2009 raised questions about differences in men's and women's job loss experiences. The Great Recession was popularly dubbed a "man-cession" by media outlets, because, initially, men's job losses were twice as large as women's. Although men lost more jobs than women did, women experienced greater job loss after the "conclusion" of the recession and, at first, recovered jobs at a slower rate than men. Moreover, women reported greater material hardship than men in the wake of the Great Recession. The aim of this study is to determine whether job loss and its effects are experienced differently across gender, and, if so, how. The primary data for this study will come from 100 qualitative interviews. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with 100 men and women (50 each) who experienced the loss of a full-time job between the years 2007-2014. The project will identify men and women who are married or partnered, between the ages of 28 to 55 (those often termed "Generation X"), and live with a child under the age of 18. These qualitative interviews will allow for an in-depth investigation of how job loss affects men?s and women?s work pathways, their perceptions of the workforce, their labor force attachment, and their attitudes and beliefs about their household labor. This project will address three main interrelated research questions: 1. After job loss, do structural barriers to work differentially influence men's and women's job search and their job search success? Theories of employment that look at the "demand side", i.e. the needs of hiring organizations, point to women's and men's likelihood to occupy different types of jobs and the continued wage gap between women and men as deterrents to women's paid employment. These factors may influence unemployment. 2. After job loss, do labor force attachment levels and gender attitudes about work-family responsibilities differentially influence men's and women's likelihood to start a job search? "Supply side" theories of employment, i.e. explanations focused on the employees, point to differences in labor force attachment and work-family responsibilities to explain differences in women's and men's paid employment. These factors may also influence unemployment. 3. Do experiences of job loss differ across gender, class and race? Intersectional theories contend that race, class, and gender intersect to shape experiences of employment, suggesting that unemployment will also vary across gender, class and race. This project will investigate if and how all of these factors shape men's and women's experiences of job loss and unemployment. Moreover, while theories explaining gender differences in employment may hold true to unemployment experiences, unemployment is a volatile experience that may uniquely disrupt a person's interaction with the labor market and change the meaning of and motivation for work, thus, a detailed study of this process is necessary.Job loss and unemployment continue to be one of the most pressing issues in the United States: unemployment remains high and more than 4 million Americans have been out of work for six months or longer (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2013). The project adds gender to current research of job loss and unemployment--an important addition given that women experience unemployment at roughly the same rates as men yet are vastly understudied. By examining the processes through which men and women move into and out of the labor market, this project will differentiate routes that are more successful from those that lead to continued unemployment or to dropping out of the workforce. This will lead to policy suggestions that can be more closely tailored to improve men's and women's life chances in 21st century post-industrial economies.

SES-1357264Sarah A. Damaske宾夕法尼亚州立大学大学公园分校 学术研究中几乎完全不存在对失业经历的性别差异的研究，但 2007-2009 年的大衰退提出了关于男性和女性失业经历差异的问题。大衰退被媒体普遍称为“男性的让步”，因为最初男性的失业人数是女性的两倍。尽管男性失去的工作多于女性，但女性在经济衰退“结束”后经历了更多的失业，而且起初恢复工作的速度比男性慢。此外，大衰退后，女性比男性面临更大的物质困难。本研究的目的是确定不同性别的失业及其影响是否存在差异，如果存在，又有何不同。这项研究的主要数据将来自 100 次定性访谈。将对 2007 年至 2014 年间经历过失业经历的 100 名男性和女性（各 50 名）进行定性访谈。该项目将识别年龄在 28 至 55 岁之间的已婚或有伴侣的男性和女性（通常被称为“X 一代”），并与 18 岁以下的孩子一起生活。这些定性访谈将深入调查失业如何影响男性和女性的工作路径、他们对劳动力的看法、劳动力依恋以及他们对家务劳动的态度和信念。该项目将解决三个主要的相互关联的研究问题： 1. 失业后，工作的结构性障碍是否对男性和女性的求职及其成功率产生不同的影响？着眼于“需求方”（即招聘组织的需求）的就业理论指出，女性和男性从事不同类型工作的可能性以及女性和男性之间持续的工资差距是女性有偿就业的阻碍。这些因素可能会影响失业。 2. 失业后，劳动力依恋水平和对工作家庭责任的性别态度是否对男性和女性开始找工作的可能性产生不同的影响？ “供给方”就业理论，即以雇员为中心的解释，指出劳动力依附和工作家庭责任的差异来解释女性和男性有偿就业的差异。这些因素也可能影响失业。 3. 失业经历因性别、阶级和种族而异吗？交叉理论认为，种族、阶级和性别交叉影响就业经历，这表明失业率也会因​​性别、阶级和种族而异。该项目将调查所有这些因素是否以及如何影响男性和女性的失业经历。此外，虽然解释就业性别差异的理论可能适用于失业经历，但失业是一种不稳定的经历，可能会独特地破坏一个人与劳动力市场的互动，并改变工作的意义和动机，因此，有必要对这一过程进行详细研究。 失业和失业仍然是美国最紧迫的问题之一：失业率仍然很高，超过 400 万美国人已经失业 6 年。 几个月或更长时间（劳工统计局，2013 年）。该项目将性别纳入当前失业和失业的研究中——这是一项重要的补充，因为女性的失业率与男性大致相同，但研究却远远不够。通过研究男性和女性进入和退出劳动力市场的过程，该项目将区分更成功的路线和导致持续失业或退出劳动力市场的路线。这将导致政策建议更加贴近实际，以改善 21 世纪后工业经济体中男性和女性的生活机会。