Opposition against Hitler between overthrow and reformation of the Nazi regime. Plot and policy planning of Nazi opponents within Amt Ausland/Abwehr of the High Command of the German Armed Forces in 1938/39

1938年和1939年，在第三帝国军事情报机构德国国防军（Amt Ausland/Abwehr）的主要官员汉斯·奥斯特（Hans Oster）和威廉·卡纳里斯（Wilhelm Canaris）的命令下，其中一名军官弗朗茨·列迪格（Franz Liedig）、天主教作家弗里德里希·阿尔弗雷德·施密德·诺尔（Friedrich Alfred Schmid Noerr）和外交官维尔纳·奥托·冯·亨蒂格（Werner Otto von Hentig）制定了反对希特勒和重建后国家社会主义德国的阴谋计划。这些“阴谋计划”在历史研究中一直是未知的，但最近被申请人发现了。在对民族保守主义者早期反对希特勒的观点进行非常有争议的评价之前，我们将在主要问题下分析他们是打算与纳粹政权彻底决裂，还是只是在一些关键问题上进行改革。为此，将会有以下问题：1)针对威权主义的“Ständestaat”是否只是魏玛共和国时期“保守革命”政治理念的延续，还是从对纳粹政权的全面否定中发展出来的；2)1938/39年的“阴谋计划”是否以及如何影响了后来的阴谋和国家保守派反对派的政策规划，直到20年的阴谋。1944年朱莉。对“阴谋计划”的分析将集中在其作者对作为布尔什维克主义变体的民族社会主义的理解以及他们对“犹太人问题”的态度上。此外，还将考虑到加那利-奥斯特集团成员，特别是弗朗茨·利迪格在战前几年的官方和私人政治活动。调查他们对迫害犹太人的官方和私人反应（卡纳里斯是“黄徽章的发明者”？），他们影响该政权主要代表的努力，以及至少将Göring作为其中一员参与阴谋的考虑，以及他们隐蔽地向法国和英国政府进行和平试探，将为回答“阴谋计划”的激进性这一主要问题提供更多证据。

In 1938 and 1939, on orders from Hans Oster and Wilhelm Canaris, leading officers of the Amt Ausland/Abwehr, the military intelligence service of the Third Reich, Franz Liedig, one of the Amt's officers, Friedrich Alfred Schmid Noerr, a catholic author, and the diplomat Werner Otto von Hentig developed plans for a plot against Hitler and for the rebuilding of a post-nationalsocialist Germany. These 'plot-plans' which have been unknown to the historical research yet, were recently discovered by the applicant. Before the background of very controversial estimations of the early opposition of national-conservatives against Hitler, they will be analyzed under the main question whether they intended a complete break with the NS regime or just its reform in some crucial issues. For that purpose, it will be asked 1) whether aiming at an authoritarian 'Ständestaat' was just a continuation of political ideas of the 'Konservative Revolution' during the Weimar republic or developed out of the total negation of the NS regime, 2) whether and how the 'plot plans' of 1938/39 influenced later plot and policy planning of the national-conservative opposition until the plot on 20. Juli 1944. The analysis of the 'plot plans' will center on their authors' understanding of nationalsocialism as a variation of bolshevism and on their attitude towards the 'Jewish question'. Furthermore, also the official and private political activities of the members of the Canaris-Oster group and especially those of Franz Liedig, during the pre-war years will be taken into account. Investigating their official and private responses to the persecution of the Jews (Canaris as 'Inventor of the Yellow Badge'?), their efforts to influence leading representatives of the regime and considerations to involve at least Göring as one of them into the plot as well as their covered peace-feelers to the French and British Governments will provide additional evidence for answering the main question on the radicality of the 'plot plans'.